REEDO
towards s~eeoss .
9th ~tAlJdArd ~oeiAI~eielJee
elJSlish £l!)edium ~otes
2018-19
Prepared 6y
'Veeresli cpJ2lra~ri
oot. P,~9vtuncipreHign Schoo!
Dauanaqere Nortn ~\~J!,lI~Y'~,
9th Social Science (English medium) Notes ͟͠͞8
Social Science
(Revised Notes)
Ninth Standard
9
2018-19
VEERESH P ARAKERI,
AM, Govt (Ex munciple) High school, Davangere North.
9986261446
Veeresh P Arakeri, AM, Govt (Ex Munciple) High School, Davangere North. 9986261446 Page 2
History
Chapter - 1
Christianity and Islam
I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. The birth place of Jesus Christ is
2. The place of Jesus’ crucification is
3. The birth place of Mohammad Paigamber is
4. The holy book of Islam is
5. The successors of Mohammad Paigambar are known as .
6. was the first Khalif.
7. Islam originated in
8. The holy book of Christianity is
Answer:- (1) Bethlehem (2) Golgotha (3) Mecca (4) Quran (5) Khalifs. (6) Aboobakar (7) Arabia (8) ‘Bible’
II. Discuss with your friends and write answers to the following Questions.
1. Write a note on the life of Jesus Christ.
• Jesus Christ was born into a poor family of
Joseph and Mary at Bethlehem village near
Jerusalem.
• He did not get proper education. Despite this he acquired a lot of religious knowledge.
• At the age of thirty he came under the influence of John Baptist and was baptized by him.
• He enlightened the people in distress by divine teachings and made them psychologically strong.
• This made him very popular among the people and he was known as a messiah or the saviour of the people.
• Gradually people considered him as a godly man. The priestly class of Jews opposed this.
• They complained against Jesus Christ to the governor of Roman Empire Pontius Pilate, charging him of treason.
• After the trial he was taken to Golgotha on a
Friday and crucified on the cross.
2. List the teachings of Jesus Christ.
Jesus Christ’s preachings are:
1. God is one and he is most merciful. He is the creator of entire creation.
2. Everyone should develop brotherhood feelings about others.
3. Loving the people in distress is equal to worshipping God.
4. One should serve others without expecting anything from them.
5. Serving people is equal to the worship of God.
6. If one repents for his mistakes God will forgive him.
7. Love your enemy. Do well to the people who try to harm you.
3. How did Christianity expand?
• After the crucifixion of Christ, his disciples were tortured. Some of them were crucified.
• During the time of Emperor Constantine, Christianity was adopted as the State Religion.
• Subsequently, Christianity spread throughout
Europe.
• Today, Christian Churches are found throughout the world and have a large number of followers.
4. Write a note on the life of Mohammad
Paigambar.
• The Mohammad Paigambar was born in 570
C.E at Mecca His parents were Abdulla and
Ameena.
• He lost his parents during his childhood and was brought up by his uncle.
• In Mecca he married widow Khadijah. They had two sons and four daughters.
• He started meditating deeply for long hours on
Mount Heera and he achieved enlightment.
• Soon, his principles became very popular among people. This known as ‘Quran’.
• When Paigambar opposed polytheism people of Mecca conspired to murder him.
• He travelled from Mecca to Madina when he became aware of this in C.E 622(Hijra).
• The people of Madina welcomed him, and they defeated the people of Mecca.
• Paigambar came back to Mecca. Finally they also became the followers of the religion propagated by Paigambar Gradually his principles spread all over the Arab region. Paigambar died in C.E 632.
5. What is Hijra?
When Paigambar opposed polytheism strongly,
the enraged people of Mecca conspired to murder him. He travelled from Mecca to Madina when he became aware of this in C.E 622. This incident is known as Hijra (the departure)
6. What are the teachings of Islam?
The teachings of Islam are-
1. God is one. A simple prayer is enough to win the heart of the God.
2. One should lead an honest and principled life and should keep away from all the bad habits.
3. One should have respect for women and compassion for the poor and weak.
7. Name the five important rituals of Islam.
Islam follows five important rituals.
Chapter - 2
Medieval India And
Political Transition
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. The founder of Grujara Prathihara dynasty is
1. Kalima – Belief only in Allah. Mohammad is
his prophet.
2. Namaz - Prayer for Allah for five times a day.
3. Roza- Fasting in the month of Ramazan.
4. Zakath- Definite sum to be spared in the income to give to the poor.
5. Haj - Pilgrimage to Mecca once in lifetime.
8. What are the main Contributions of Islam?
After accepting Islam, Arabs have been known
for the following contributions.
1. Medicine for Measles and other diseases and books on medicine.
2. Prithivraj Chouhan defeated in the first battle of Terrain.
3. The prominent Commander of Mohammed
Gohri was
4. The first woman to rule among the Delhi
Sultans was
5. The famous Sultan of Khilji Dynasty was
6. The capital city was shifted from Delhi to during the rule of Thuglaq.
7. was written by Alberuni
8. Quwatul Islam mosque was constructed by
2. New inventions in Science and Mathematics
3. The spread of knowledge built by Medieval
Arab and Persia in the field of Geography and
Astronomy to other parts of the world.
4. Islam influenced the art and architecture. The features of Islamic architecture can be seen in the buildings built in Roman, Byzantine and Persian empires.
9. Name the main sects in Islam.
The most important sects of Islam are Shia and
Sunni.
10. Name the main sects in Islam. Contributions of Christianity
1. Christianity has taught the noble principles of
peace and brotherhood to the world.
2. The educational centres established by Churches and missionaries have played a significant role in the growth of education.
3. Christianity has introduced the Gothic style in architecture.
4. Missionaries have extended health services all over the world.
5. Women and weaker sections have been largely benefitted by the education. This has brought qualitative changes in the society. It is known as empowerment.
11. Name the main sects in Islam.
The most important sects of Christianity are- 1) Catholics 2) Protestants.
Ans:- (1) Nagabhatta, (2) Mohammed Ghori (3) Qutubuddin Aibak (4) Razia sultana (5) Alauddin (6) Devagiri (7) Tarik-E-Yamini (8) Qutubuddin Aibak
ii. Answer the following questions:
1. Explain the contributions of Rajput kings to the field of literature.
• Rajput kings themselves were scholars. Kings like Bhoja, Munja have written various literary
works.
• Munja had poets Padmagupta and Halayudha in his court.
• King Bhoja had scholars like Shanthisena, Prabhachandra Suri, and Ghanapala during his rule.
• The Jayadeva’s Poetic work ‘Geethagovinda’,
• Bharavi’s ‘Keerathanarjuneeya’,
• Bharthruhari’s ‘Ravana Vadha’,
• Mahendrapala’s ‘Kavya Meemamse’ were
written during the rule of Rajputs.
• Dramas like Rajashekara’s ‘Bala Ramayana’
and ‘Karpuramanjari’;
• Bhavabhuti’s ‘Mahaveeracharitha’ &
‘Uthararamacharita’; and
• Historical works like Kalhana’s ‘Raja Tharangini’; Jayanika’s ‘Prithiviraja Vijaya’ and Hemachandra’s ‘Kumarapla Charitha’ are the important works.
• ‘Prithiviraja Raso’ by Chand Bardahi and
‘Bhoja Prabandha’ by Balalla are the noted
biographies of Rajput rulers.
2. Explain the administration system of
Iltamush briefly.
• Iltamush divided his kingdom into Iktas
(provinces) and appointed Iktadhars
(provincial officers) to run administration.
• He appointed a group of forty sardars to advise him in administrative issues.
• The Prime Minister and Judges used to advise him.
• Iltamush brought gold and silver coins into circulation.
3. What were the administrative reforms implemented by Alluddin Khilji?
Reforms in the administration.
1. He abolished religious endowments, Inams
(gift) lands and subsidy.
2. An efficient intelligence network was established by him.
3. He prohibited alcohol, drugs and dice game.
4. He banned association formation among his
Sardars (lieutenants).
5. Farmers with minor landholdings and also the big landlords had to pay taxes.
6. He appointed revenue officials to collect the fixed taxes from the farmers.
7. Military reforms: The salary of the soldier givn in the form of cash.
named ‘Adli’ into circulation. Copper and brass coins were also brought into circulation symbolically.
5. What were the contributions of Delhi
Sultans to art and architecture? Give examples.
• The Delhi Sultans introduced a new style of
architecture known as ‘Indo-Islamic’
architecture.
• Arches, domes and minarets are the main features of this style.
• The Delhi Sultans built forts, Mosques, palaces, public buildings, madrasas and Dharmashalas.
• Qutub minar, Quvat-Ul-Islam mosque, Allai
Dharavaja, Juwait Khana
• Mosques are the few examples of Indo-Islamic style.
Chapter – 3
Religious Promoters And
Social Reformers
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. Shankara was born at in Kerala.
2. “The world is an illusion, Brahma alone is the Truth”. This statement was declared by _
3. Proponent of Dwaita philosophy is
4. Ramanujacharya's disciples are called
8. The process of stamping the horses called as
‘Dhag’ came into effect.
5. The hoysala king _ Ramanujacharya to his kingdom.
had invited
9. He created a system wherein the common
6.
and his disciples advocated
people had access to pulses, cereals, cooking
oil, sugar, salt and fuel at fair prices.
10. Similarly he established markets to sell horses and slaves.
4. What were the administrative reforms implemented by Mohammed-bin-Tughlaq.
Administrative reforms-
1. Revenue reforms: An official record that had all the details of lands implemented by him.
2. He established department of agriculture.
3. The uncultivated lands were made cultivable.
4. Shifting of his Capital: He wanted to shift his capital from Delhi to devagiri because to establish the capital city at the centre of the vast empire, and to protect the capital city from foreign invasions.
5. Experiment of symbolic Coins- He brought
gold coin named ‘Dinar’ and silver coin
Veerashaiva philosophy
Ans:- (1) Kalati (2) Shankaracharya (3) Madwacharya (4) Shrivaishnavites (5) Vishnuvardhana (6) Basaveshwara
ii. Answer the following questions-
1. Explain the Adwaitha philosophy.
• Adwaitha means Brahma is the absolute truth, the rest of the world is false.
• The soul is one with Brahma, and life is not separate from Brahma.
• Ultimately, we should merge our ‘atma’ (soul)
with the absolute truth, Brahma.
• Only then we can attain moksha (liberation).
2. Which is the philosophy advocated by
Ramanujacharya? What is their sect called?
Ramanujacharya advocated ‘Vishistadwaitha’
philosophy. His sect called Shrivaishnavites.
3. Explain the philosophy advocated by
Ramanujacharya.
• Ramanujacharya’s philosophy is called as
‘Vishistadwaitha’.
• According to this philosophy Jeeva (life) and Prakruthi (Nature) are under the control of Bramha.
• Both Atma and Paramathma cannot become one simutaneously.
• He said that world is the expressed manifestation of Bramha and world is a reality.
• In order to achive Mukthi (salvtion) Bhakti and Prapathi (complete surrendrance to god) are important.
4. What are the teachings of Madhwacharya?
• According to Madhwacharya, the world is not maya or illusion.
• It is as true as Paramatma or the Divine Soul.
• Between these, the Divine soul is independent and the rest of the world is illusionary.
• The Divine soul and the human soul have a
Lord and Servant relationship.
• Lord Vishnu or Narayana alone is supreme.
• Worship of Lord Vishnu can elevate the human soul and thus enable it to attain moksha.
5. Write a note on the ‘Work is Worship’
philosophy of Basaveshwara.
• Basaveshwara advocated ‘self Reliance and insisted one should earn one’s living’.
• He also declared no profession in more important or less important.
• He nurtured the culture of ‘work is workship’
through his physical labour philosophy.
• By declaring “Body as the temple”, Basaveshwara tried to implement work is workship philosophy in life.
• These thinkings are still the guiding lights of the present society.
6. Who established Anubhava Mantapa? What were its objectives?
Basavanna started a Sharana spiritual centre
called “Anubhava Mantapa” at Basava kalyana of
present Bidar.
Objectives-
1. They wanted to eradicate various socio cultural issues like gender discrimination and caste system.
2. They were inisting that one should remain transparent in his life. His external behaviour and internal thinking should remain clean. This transparent state of life is the ‘ultimate truth’ they declared.
3. Their vachanas reach the common people and created a social movement.
7. Name the books written by
Shankaracharya.
• Shankarabhasya,
• Anandalahari,
• Soundaryalahari,
• Shivanandalahari,
• Viveka choodamani,
• Prabudda sudhakara and Dakshinamurthy
stotra are some of shankaracharya’s books.
• His hymn ‘‘Bhajagovindam’’ is world famous.
Chapter - 4
Vijayanagara And
Bahamani Kingdoms
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. Vijayanagar empire was established in the year
.
2. The Madhuravijaya was written by
3. Praudhadevaraya’s minister was
4. The king who wrote Amukta Malyada in
Telugu was .
5. Madarasa at Bidar was established by
6. The Kitab-E-Navarasa was written by
Ans: (1) 1336 A.D., Hakka & Bukka. (2) Gangadevi; (3) Lakkanna Dandesha; (4) Krishnadevaraya; (5) Mohammad Gawan; (6) Ibrahim Adil Shah II
ii. Answer the following questions-
1. Name the four dynasties who ruled
Vijaynanagar Empire.
Four dynasties who ruled Vijayanagar Empire are
(1) Sangama, (2) Saluva,
(3) Tuluva, and
(4) Araveedu.
2. What were the achievements of Devaraya
II?
(a) He defeated the king Gajapati Kapilendra of
Orissa and seized Kondaveedu.
(b) He expanded his kingdom upto Krishna river in the north east by suppressing the regional leader of the border.
(c) He defeated the Kerala state and received royalties from Kerala and Srilanka.
Hence he came to be known as Dakshinapathada
Chakravarthi (the Emperor of the South).
(d) He chased the traditional foe Ahmed Shah of Bahamani till Bijapur and occupied Mudgal and Bankapura.
(e) His commander, Lakkanna Dandesha, took up a successful naval victory.
3. What were the problems Krishnadevaraya had to face when he ascended the throne?
When Krishnadevaraya came to power, the
kingdom was besieged by various complex internal and external problems.
(a) The Europeans, who had arrived through new sea routes, had established colonies.
(b) The Moghuls of the north were trying to expand their kingdom in the southern region.
(c) The five Shahi kingdoms of the Bahamani dynasty became powerful Sultanates and plunged into war against Krishnadevaraya. And
(d) The kings of Ummatthur and Orissa were a constant source of threat.
4. What are the contributions of Vijayanagar
Empire to the economic system and society? Economic system:
(a) Land tax was the main source of revenue for the kingdom.
(b) Farmers gave ¼ of their income to the
government as tax.
(c) Professional tax, revenue tax, road tax, market tax, commercial tax, import and export taxes and tributes from the vassals were other forms of revenue to the kingdom.
(d) Agriculture was the backbone of the economy. Many important food and cash crops were grown.
(e) Many wells, tanks and canals were constructed for irrigation and agriculture.
(f) There was great progress in the field of industries and commerce.
(g) Spices like pepper, cloves and cardamom, salt petre, iron ore, diamonds, granulated sugar, must, sandal perfume etc. were exported.
(h) There were many textile industries.
(i) Coins of different denominations like gold coins, gadyaana, pagoda, silver coins and copper coins were in use. There were diamonds, iron ore centers, Sapphires used to be available in plenty.
G) Countries like Arab, China and Portugal had trade relations with the Vijayanagar Empire.
Society:
(a) The society was based on the 4-tiered caste
system. However, there was also occupation-based caste system.
(b) There were many skilled artisans, blacksmiths, bell-metal smiths, carpenters, weavers and cobblers in the society.
(c) The practice of child marriage, sati and devadasi were prevalent.
(d) Though monogamy was the common practice, kings and rich people had many wives.
5. Describe the art and architecture of the
Vijayanagar period.
• The unique feature of Vijayanagar architecture was the construction of huge auditoriam and
marriage halls.
• Temples had huge towers (rayagopura), leaf- shaped arches and platforms.
• In this art, more than ornamentation, the qualities of grandeur, awe and elegance were given importance.
• Rough granite stone (kanashile) was used for construction of these structures.
• The temples were built in Hampi, Shringeri, Tirupati, Lepakshi, Karkala, Bhatkal, kanchi, Srishaila, Kolar etc.
• The most important temple was Vidyashankara temple at Shrigeri which has unique structure.
• The Vijaya Vitthala temple of Hampi is known for its magnificent architectural beauty.
• The saptaswara musical pillars, huge marriage halls and the stone chariot have enhanced the beauty of this temple.
• The most ancient temple at Hampi, the
Virupaksha temple has a vast courtyard/ hall.
6. How can Gawan be considered as the best
Prime minister in Bahamani dynasty?
• As a Prime Minister of the Bahamani kingdom, Mohammed Gawan took the
Bahamani kingdom to great heights through his efficient administration and victories.
• Gawan conquered Konkan, Goa and Belgaum.
• He invaded Orissa and conquered
Kondaveedu.
• In the year 1481 A.D., he invaded Kanchi and plundered its huge wealth.
7. Describe the administration and revenue system during the rule of the Bahamani sultans.
Administration:
(a) There were three levels of administration
namely Central, Provincial and Village. Among these, there was revenue, judicial and military administration too.
(b) The Sultan was the chief of the central administration.
(c) The cabinet was called Majlis E-Ilwith.
(d) Top officials, commandants, ulemas and amins were friends and relatives of the Sultan.
(e) Gawan converted the existing 4 provinces into
8 units and these provinces were administered by
15 governments.
(t) The governments were divided into paraganas. Kotwal, Deshmukh and Desai were the administrators of the paraganas. The village was the final independent unit of administration.
Taxation system:
(a) Land tax was the main source of income for
the kingdom.
(b) Amir-E-Jumlas were the head of the revenue authorities.
(c) ⅓ to ½ of the agricultural produce was collected as land tax.
(d) There were 50 kinds of taxes including house, mines, tobacco grasslands, trade and employment
8. Explain the education, art and architecture of the Bahamani sultans.
• The educational policy of the Adil Shahis was to propagate Islamic culture.
• There were schools known as maktabs. They were under the control of mosques.
• The students in the maktabs were taught the alphabet, religion, law, poetry and rhetoric.
• The madras as were centers of higher education.
• Mohammed Gawan who was a scholar himself, established a madras a (college) at Bidar.
• It had a library with around 3000 manuscripts.
• The college was a lodge for students, teachers, and orthodox people.
• Astronomy, grammar, mathematics, philosophy and political science were studied in this college.
• Art and architecture: The Bahamani sultans developed lndo Sareenic style of architecture.
• The Jamia mosque built by Ali Adil Shah I, Ibrahim Roza, Gol Gumbaz, Gagan Mahal and Asar Mahals are the important world famous monuments.
• The Gol Gumbaz, at Bijapur is one of the greatest structures in the world. It has an area of 1800 sq ft. There are 7storied minarets in the four corners of the building. There is a huge dome in the center. The unique feature of this dome is that is one whispers standing on one side of the dome, it can be heard clearly on the other side. It is the biggest Dome in India.
Chapter – 5
The Moghuls And The
Marathas
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The founder of the Moghul dynasty was
.
2. The most famous emperor among the Moghuls was .
3. The king who built the Taj Mahal at Agra was
.
4. The Moghul emperor who established the new religion Din-e-Ilahi was
5. Shivaji’s mother was
Ans: (l) Babar; (2) Akbar; (3) Shahjahan; (4) Akbar; (5) Jijabai
ii. Answer the following questions.
1. Describe the military achievements of
Babar.
• Babar defeated the Delhi Sultan lbrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 A.D. and
established the Moghul dynasty in India.
• Over a period of four years, he defeated Rana
Sangramsingh of Mewad,
• the Rajput king Medinarayana of Chanderi and
• Ibrahim Lodhi's brother, Mohammed Lodhi.
• Babar conquered Panipat, Goghra and Kanwa He established Moghul rule over a vast area in North India.
2. Explain the characteristics of Sher-Shah administration.
Sher Shah established an efficient administration.
1) He divided his kingdom into four main departments.
2) He was the first ruler who constructed four main highways that connected the major cities. On either side of the highway, shade-giving trees were planted and 1700 sarais were constructed.
3) The land in the kingdom had been classified as excellent, average and bad according to their level of fertility. The farmers gave part of their income as land tax to the government.
4) If there was damage to crops during the movement of troops, the government compensated the farmers.
3. What are the areas won by Akbar?
• Akbar defeated Hemu in the Second Battle of
Panipar.
• Akbar conquered Malva, Jaipur, Gondavan,
• He conquered, Malwa and gained the authority to collect Chouth and Sardeshmukhi taxes.
• He got a vast stretch between the Narmada and Chambal rivers and 50 lakh rupees as compensation tor defeating the Moghals in a battle near Bhopal.
• He conquered Salcet and Basin from the Portuguese and Janjira from the Siddhis He not only ruled efficiently but also regained the glory of the Maratha Empire.
Chapter - 6
Bhakti Panth
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
Chittor, Ranatharnbhor, Kalinjar, Gujarat and
1. Bhakti means
to God.
Bengal.
• Akbar fight against Rana Pratap (The Battle of
Haldighat) and emerged victorious.
• The remaining states of Kashmir, Sindh, Orissa, Baluchistan, Khandhar and Ahmednagar came under Akbar.
4. Describe the contributions of Shahjahan to art and architecture.
• ShahJahan was called a great builder. He constructed the famous, immensely valuable ruby-studded Peacock throne.
• He constructed the TajMahal in Agra which is one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
• He constructed the Red Fort at Delhi.
• He built Akbari Mahal, Jehangiri Mahal.
• He built forts in Lahore and Allahabad similar to the one at Agra.
Hence, his period is referred to as the 'Golden
Age of Moghal Art and Architecture.
5. Describe Shivaji’s system of administration.
• Shivaji had organized an efficient administrative system in his vast kingdom.
• He had divided his kingdom into many provinces. They were called Swaraj and Moghal areas.
• There were minsters known as Asthapradhans in the central government to assist the king.
• In addition to them, there were other officials.
• Province, district and village were the administrative units.
6. Explain the achievements of Bajirao I.
• Bajirao I was an unparalleled warrior.
2. The famous follower of Ramanand was
3. Kabir’s followers are called
4. The collection of Chaitanya’s philosophical
thoughts is called .
Ans: (1) devotion/ Trusting, (2) Kabir Das, (3) Kabirpanthis, (4) Chaitanya
Charitamruta
ii. Answer the following questions-
1. What are the teachings of Kabir?
• He condemned caste system and multiple idol worship.
• Declared that God is one, and he is the same for both Hindus and Muslims.
• He tried to bring about harmony and tolerance between the two communities.
• Kabir preached the greatness of humourness that goes beyond caste and religion boundaries.
2. Who are Sikhs? Which is their holy book?
The followers of Guru Nanak are called Sikhs.
His teachings are collected in a book called Grant
Sahib. It is their holy book.
3. Explain the concept of Bhakti by
Purandaradasa.
• Purandaradasa rejected false Bhakthi and insisted on inner reflections.
• He declared without inner purity, external purity is of no use.
• He said ‘What is the use of cleaning the external filth without cleansing the internal filth’.
• He also said without faith, the mere dipping in a river is of no use.
4. What are the effects of the Bhakti movement?
• Reformation of the Hindu practices and bringing about harmony between Hindus and
Muslims were the main purposes of the Bhakti movement.
• The reformers were successful in removing many weaknesses in the Hindu society.
• The regional languages of India flourished since the reformers wrote in these languages. This enabled development of Indian culture.
• This movement facilitated the evolution of
Indian Culture.
• It also made India to be identified as a land of multi cultures.
Chapter – 7
Europe In The Middle Ages
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The cultural bankruptcy of Europe is called
.
2. The owner of the land was called
3. The person who maintained the land was called
.
4. The weak person who was responsible for the maintenance of land was called
Ans. (1) Dark Age (2) noble (3) vassals. (4)labourers
ii. Answer the following.
1. What is feudal system?
Feudal System is the political military and social
system in the middle Ages, based on the holding of lands in fief or fee and on the resulting relations between lord and vassal.
2. List the advantages and disadvantages of the feudal system.
(A) The advantages of the feudal system-
1. Simplicity and tailor made administrative
system is the main contribution.
2. Human protection was guaranteed.
3. The ruling party could not become autocratic as they were dependent on the vassals for military service.
4. There was notable progress in the economic system.
5. Man became aware of his duties and fundamental rights and
6. Savagery of the barbaric communities was controlled.
7. England, France and Germany encouraged literature.
8. Rules and regulations were created and this made the nobles to protect women, the weak and the Christian religion.
(B) The Disadvantages:
1. A class of aristocracy came into being.
2. Arguments and disagreements began among the aristocrats, nobles and vassals.
3. Sometimes the nobles started competing with the lords or the kings.
4. Many became traitors and posed a threat to their own regional unity.
5. Judicial system became weak and there was no rule of law.
6. The church and the state were at loggerhens
(quarrel).
3. Explain the effects of feudalism.
1. They had absolute control over military. Hence
both the political and economical powers were concentrated in one place.
2. The feudal land lords had to depend on the vassals for military human power. This restricted the exploitation of these classes.
3. The power of Barbarians was brought under control.
4. The human beings realized their rights and duties under the system.
5. Encouraged creative output in literature in
England, France and Germany
6. Feudalism slowly nourished the emergence of cities. They become the center of trade and artecrafts.
7. Clashes took place among ruling class, feudal lords and vassals. Due to this problem, the agreements of feudalism broke down.
4. What were the reasons for the decline of the feudalism?
The main reasons for the downfall of the feudal
system are as follows:
1. The rise of powerful dynastic rule in England, France and Spain.
2. Development of regional languages, nationalism, lust for absolute power in the kings.
3. Military power and the Crusades hastened the fall of many systems.
4. Renaissance and reformation became the main reasons for the weakening of the feudal system.
Chapter - 8
Modern Europe
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. Renaissance means
2. is called the father of Renaissance.
3. Followers of Martin Luther are
4. The leader of the Counter Reformation movement is
5. Inventor of the spinning jenny machine is
Ans:- (1) rebirth/ reawaken (2) Petrarch/ Italy; (3) Protestants: (4) Ignatius Loyola, (5) Hargreaves.
ii. Answer the following questions-
1. What were the consequences of religious reformation?
The consequences of religious reformation are:
1. Christianity was divided into three sects -
Catholic Church, Orthodox Church and Protestant church.
2. Many European kings got liberated from the hold of the Church and the pope.
3. Religious reformation led to rise of nationalism.
4. The confiscated wealth of the Church was utilized for the economic development.
5. Patriotic feelings became strong and the kings of Europe developed religious tolerance.
6. Due to this movement, the literacy field saw progress. Local languages influenced the European minds.
7. The Catholic Church itself underwent reformation and this came to be known as Counter Reformation.
2. What were the reasons for geographical explorations?
1. When the Turks conquered the city of
Constantinople in 1453 A.D., the Europeans faced the inevitability of finding a new sea route to India.
2. Spain and Portugal were ambitious of competing with Arabs in sea trade.
3. Discovery of new countries opened the possibility spreading Christianity.
4. European curiosity was roused by the adventurous nature of sea voyages towards eastern countries.
5. Mariner's compass and astrolabe equipment were helpful to sailors. Charts and maps were available to sailors.
6. The Europeans believed that China was a fertile place to make profit.
3. Which are the water-colour paintings of
Leonardo da Vinci?
• Leonardo da Vinci's paintings are
• Last Supper and Mona Lisa,
• Salvator Mundi, Teh Vitruvian Man,
• Lady with Fur Wrap. etc.,
4. Explain the development of literature in the period of Renaissance with an Example.
• Petrarch is known as the 'Father of renaissance'. He collected about 200 Latin and
Greek Manuscripts.
• A collection of 100 stories called Decameron written in Italian by Boccaccio,
• The famous work Divine Comedy by Dante,
• Canterbury Tales by Chaucer of England,
• Don Quixote by Cervantes of Spain,
• Utopia written by Thomas More of England are some of the notable works.
• Shakespeare was an excellent poet and dramatist.
• St. Paul School, established in London, was dedicated to the acquisition of this new knowledge.
5. Describe the effects of Industrial Revolution.
Effects of Industrial Revolution are as follows:
1. Due to the innumerable changes in industries, demand for machines grew.
2. Many changes took place in the economic and social fields too.
3. New factories were established.
4. The cost of production came down and essential products were available at a low price.
5. Cottage industries could not compete with the giant factories and, thus, they collapsed.
6. The rich became richer and richer and the poor remained poor.
7. People had to migrate from villages to towns.
8. A capitalist class emerged in society.
9. Hostilities developed between the owners and the workers, and class conflict began.
Chapter - 9
Revolution And
Unification Of Nations
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The 13 colonies established by England on the
Atlantic coast were called .
2. The representatives of the 13 colonies met in
1774 at .
3. Declaration of America’s independence was on
4. The writer of Spirit of Laws was
5. The party ‘Young Italy’ was formed by _
6. The philosophy of ‘blood and steel’ was
advocated by
Ans: (1) New English Colonies, (2) Philadelphia, (3) 4th July, (4) Montesquieu, (5) Joseph Mazzini, (6) Otto-van-Bismarck
ii. Answer the following questions.
1. Mention the reasons for American War of
Independence.
Reasons for American War of Independence are-
(a) The rise of nationalism among the people of the colonies.
(b) The desire for independence among the colonies.
(c) The effects of the 'Seven Years' war. (d) The naval regulations.
(e) Influence of writers like Thomas Paine, John Adams, Samuel Adams, John Edward Coke and Benjamin Franklin.
(f) The Quebec regulation. (g) The Townsend taxes and (h) The Boston tea party.
2. Explain the significance of the American war of independence.
• The American war of independence acted as an inspiration for the French Revolution.
• Many of the French who fought assisting the colonial army became leaders of the French revolution.
• Many of the Spanish and the Portuguese colonies in America got inspired to become free and hence, revolted against their motherland.
• The new nation called the United States of
America was born.
3. How were economic factors responsible for the French revolution?
The economic factors-
• France was an agriculture-dominated nation.
In spite of advances in agricultural practices, production lagged behind.
• The yield from land was very low.
• The farmers were the most affected.
• Famines were frequent. As a result, there used to be revolts and riots for food.
• Industries were under the control of trade unions.
• Due to internal strife and interference from authorities, the development of these unions was sluggish.
• Hence, productivity was low.
4. What was the role of Garibaldi in Italy’s
unification?
• Garibaldi is one of the architects of Italy's unification.
• He was a soldier and fighter. He joined the Young Italy part and assumed leadership of the revolution.
• After that he constituted an army called Red Brigade and with the help of Sardinia, fought with Austria.
• In 1860, he fought against the twin states of
Sicily using his Red Brigade.
• By conquering the same, he hastened the national integration and pressed for democratic reforms.
5. Who was the architect of unification of
Germany? Write a note on him.
Ottoman Bismarek was the architect of
Germany's unification.
He was the chief minister of the King of Prussia, Williams.
• He had gained lot of popularity as an ambassador in various nations like Austria, France and Russia.
• He had the knowledge of their strengths and weaknesses. His ambition was the unification of Germany; He wanted to convert Germany into Prussia.
• He built a powerful army on the principle of
'Blood and Steel'.
• His next aim was to drive out Austria from
German states association.
• The well-formed German armies defeated
Austria in the year 1866 CE.
• Bismarek realized that a war with France was inevitable to gain the 16 German states in the south attached to France.
• He was successful in merging these states with Germany when Napoleon was defeated by these states when he tried to capture them.
Thus Bismarek completed the unification of
Germany.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
CHAPTER – 1
Our Constitution
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The Law which governs the States is
2. The meeting of new Constituent Assembly was held on .
3. The Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution was
4. Our Constitution provides for a
system of Government.
5. The State where the people enjoy sovereign power is called
6. Our Constitution provides for
citizenship to its citizens.
7. The Right for Constitutional Remedies has been incorporated in Article
8. The Directive Principles of State Policy are borrowed from Constitution.
Ans: (1) Constitution, (2) 11th December, 1946 (3) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, (4) democratic, (5) Sovereign Republic, (6) single, (7) 32, (8) Irish
II. Answer the following questions.
1. Who was the President of the Constituent
Assembly?
The President of the New Constituent Assembly
was Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
2. When did the Constitution come into force?
The Constitution came into practice from 26th
January 1950.
3. What does the Preamble to the Constitution contain?
• The Preamble to the Constitution contains the fundamental policies and ideals of the constitution.
• It is the sum of the structure, values, principles and goals of the constitution.
• It is based on the aspirations and ideals of the people of India.
4. What do you mean by ‘Secularism’?
Secularism is a principle of separation of state
from religious dignitaries.
Means the citizens have the liberty to practise any religion they desire. No religion has been given the status of a National religion.
5. Explain the salient features of our
Constitution.
Some of the salient features of our Constitution
are as follows: Our Constitution
• Written and Lengthy Constitution
• Partially Flexible and partially Rigid
Constitution
• Parliamentary Form of Government
• Republican System
• Federal System
• Fundamental Rights
• Fundamental Duties
• Directive Principles of State Policy
• Independent and Centralized Judiciary System
• Single Citizenship
• Adult Franchise
• Bicameral Legislature
• Party System
6. Which are the Fundamental Rights incorporated in our Constitution?
Our Fundamental Rights are -
(1) Right to Liberty, (2) Right to Equality,
(3) Right against Exploitation, (4) Right to Religion,
(5) Right to Education and culture and
(6) Right to Constitutional remedy.
7. Make a List of the Fundamental Duties.
There are eleven fundamental duties. They are as
follows:
(1) To respect the Constitution, National flag and
National Anthem.
(2) To follow the noble ideals that inspired our
National Struggle for freedom.
(3) To protect the integrity of India.
(4) To defend the motherland when called upon to do so.
(5) To promote the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India.
(6) To preserve our rich heritage.
(7) To protect and improve the natural environment
(8) To develop the scientific temper and the spirit of enquiry.
(9) To safeguard public property and leave the violence.
(10) To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activities.
(11) The father or the guardians should provide
7. The chairman of Union Public Service commission is appointed by
8. The Supreme Court came into existence on
an opportunity for education to their children from
the age of 6 to 18 years.
8. Which are the Directive Principles of State
Policy?
The Directive Principles of State Policy are-
(1) To provide adequate means of livelihood to all citizens.
(2) To prevent the community wealth and resources from becoming the private property of a few people.
(3) To provide equal pay for equal work to both men and women, and to protect labour welfare.
(4) To provide public assistance to those who are old, sick, weak or helpless.
(5) To implement a Uniform Civil Code throughout the country.
(6) To provide opportunities for healthy development and preschool education of all children below 6 years.
(7) To protect historical monuments and main tall places of historical interest.
(8) To separate the Executive and the Judiciary. (9) To protect international peace and respect
international law.
(10) To establish Gram Panchayats.
(11) To encourage rural and cottage industries. (12) To organize and develop agriculture and
animal husbandry on modem lines. (13) To ensure prohibition of liquor.
(14) To ensure development of farming based on scientific methods.
CHAPTER – 2
The Union Government
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. India is _
2. The Union legislature is called
3. The Speaker of Rajyasabha is of India.
4. The minimum age to become the member of
Lokasabha is _
5. The commander-in-chief of all the three forces is
6. The election of the president of India is
Ans: (1) Union of States, (2) Parliament, (3) Vice President, (4) 25 years, (5) President, (6)
54, 55 , (7) President, (8) 28th Jan 1950.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. Write a note on the houses of parliament.
The Parliament consists of two Houses. The
Upper House is called Rajya Sabha and the Lower
House is called Lok Sabha.
Rajya Sabha :
The number of seats in the Rajya Sabha is 250, of
which 238 members are elected by the members of the State Assemblies and Union Territories. This House is also known as the House of Elders.
Term of Office: The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and is not dissolved like the Lok Sabha. But the term of the members is six years. One-third of its members retire on completion of six year term every second year.
Lok Sabha :
The members of the Lok Sabha are elected
directly by the people, so, it is known as the House of People. The maximum number of seats is 545.
Term of Office: The Lok Sabha members are elected for a term of five years.
2. Write a short note on the structure of
Rajyasabha.
• The number of seats in the Rajya Sabha is 250, of which 238 members are elected by the
members of the State Assemblies and Union
Territories.
• The remaining 12 members, who are experts from various fields like literature, art, science and social work are nominated by the President.
• This House is also known as the House of
Elders.
• The Vice-President is the Chairman of the
Rajya Sabha.
• The Deputy Chairman is chosen from among the members.
• At least 10% of the members (a minimum of 25 members) should be present during the
sessions of the Rajya Sabha.
explained in the article
of the constitution.
and article
• The House should meet at least twice in a year.
3. What are the qualifications needed to become a member of Lokasabha?
Qualifications of the Members :
1. Should be a citizen of India.
2. Must not be less than 25 years of age.
3. Should not hold any office of profit under the
Government.
4. Should not be a person of unsound mind.
5. Should not have been punished under law.
6. Should possess qualifications as specified by
Parliament from time to time.
4. Explain the election process for the post of the President.
• The President is elected by an electoral college.
• This college is consisting of elected members of both Houses of Parliament,
• And all elected members of the legislative
• The Cabinet has two kinds of responsibilities.
• The Minister of every department is responsible for the administration of his department.
• He has individual responsibility for the success or failure of his department.
• The Union Cabinet has collective responsibility to the Parliament with regard to the decisions and policies taken by it.
• Therefore, the cabinet can be in power only as long as it enjoys the trust of the Parliament.
• When it loses the trust, it has to be removed by a No-Confidence Motion.
CHAPTER – 3
State Government
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
assemblies of all the States.
1. India has
union territories.
states and
5. List out the powers of the Prime Minister.
• The Prime Minister recommends to the
President the appointment of Ministers to the
Council of Ministers.
2. The total number of members of Karnataka
Legislative Assembly is .
3. The Karnataka state Legislative Council has
members.
• He also allocates the various portfolios among the Ministers.
4. The Council of Minister has
power and it is the real executive.
and
• He can also remove Ministers.
• His decision is final in the allocation of portfolios.
• The Prime Minister is Head of Government so he is responsible for all actions of the Government.
• He co-ordinates the activities of the various
Ministers.
• He takes greater interest in framing policies related to planning, defence and foreign affairs.
• He is the head of Union Cabinet.
• All discussions of issues of national and international importance are discussed and decisions are taken under his chairmanship.
• He is the link between the President and the
Cabinet.
6. Write a note on the formation of union cabinet and its responsibilities.
• The Union Cabinet is the real Executive and has Ministers in two hierarchies.
• The first one is the cabinet level and the second is the Minister of State.
• The maximum strength of the Union Cabinet is 15 of the total strength of the parliament.
5. The Governor is appointed by the
6. The state Advocate General is appointed by
Ans: (1) 28, 7; (2) 225 (3) 75; (4) Chief Minister; administration (5)President; (6) Governor;
II. Answer the following questions-
1. Explain the structure of the Legislative
Assembly.
• The strength of the Legislative Assembly depends on the population of the State.
• The maximum number of seats of any Legislative Assembly/Vidhana Sabha should not exceed 500 or be below 60.
• The Governor can nominate one member from Anglo Indian community if he feels that they are not represented properly.
• However, the number of seats in small States is less. Ex- In Mizoram and Goa, there are 40 members each.
• The Vidhana Sabha in Karnataka has 225 members. 224 members are elected whereas one Anglo-Indian is nominated by the Governor.
2. Which areas do the members of Legislative council represent?
The members of the Legislative Council/
represent five fields.
1. Some are elected from among the Members of the Legislative assembly,
2. Local Bodies,
3. Graduates' Constituencies,
4. Teacher's Constituencies.
5. The Governor nominates some Members who are experts in the field of art, literature, education, social service, science members who have completed their term retire.
3. Write a note on the qualifications and tenure of the Governor.
The qualifications of the office of the Governor-
(l) Should be a citizen of India.
(2) Should not be less than 35 years of age.
(3) Should not hold any office of profit under the
Government.
(4) Should not be a Member of either Parliament or State Legislature. If he is a Member of either, he should resign from that post when he is appointed as the Governor.
The term of the office of the Govt. is 5 years.
4. Write a note on the Chief Minister.
• The Chief Minister is the Head of the State
Government.
• Success or failure of the State government depends on his personal charm.
• He is the repository of all the power of the State.
• He is the Head of the Council of Ministers, the Legislature, and the leader of the majority party in the government.
• The Chief Minister should be a member of any one of the two Houses.
• Even those who are not Members of either
House can become the Chief Minister.
• However, he has to become the Member of anyone House within 6 months.
CHAPTER – 4
Judicial System
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The Supreme Court of India came into
existence in .
2. The retirement age of the High Court judge is
3. The Judges are appointed by .
4. The head of Revenue Tax Board is
5. The Lokadalats came into existence in the year
Ans:- (1) January 28, 1950 (2) 62 years (3) The
President (4) The Revenue Secretary (5) 1985
II. Answer the following questions-
1. Explain the functions of Supreme Court. Functions and powers of Supreme Court-
• Original Powers : Resolving the disputes between the Union and the States, and between
the States; Safeguarding the Fundamental
Rights of citizens; Interpreting the provisions of the Constitution and passing on writs.
• Appellate Powers : Citizens may file cases in the Supreme Court against the judgements given in the lower courts.
• Advisory Powers : The Supreme Court may advise the President when he seeks its opinion on important public issues. The President may consult the Supreme Court for advice.
• The Supreme Court serves as a Court of
Records,
• Chief Advisor to the Centre and States, and
• has the power to issue special writs.
2. Write a note on functions of High courts. Functions of the High Courts are-
1. The original power to resolve civil and
criminal cases; Naval, Marital and contempt of court cases.
2. To admit appeals against the judgements passed by the subordinate courts in civil and criminal cases.
3. To direct transfer of cases from the lower courts to the High Court; to supervise the working of the subordinate courts; to admit writ petitions to safeguard the Fundamental Rights and other legal rights of citizens; to appoint the staff and regulating them.
3. Name the subordinates courts under the civil courts.
Subordinate courts under the District Courts are -
1. Court of Subordinate Judges
2. Court of Additional Subordinate Judges
3. Court of Munciffs
4. Court of Additional Munciffs
4. Write a note on Criminal courts.
o Criminal courts came into existence on 1
April, 1974.
o They are also known as District Magistrate courts.
o They function under the High Court.
o The highest criminal court at the district level
is the Sessions court.
o The District Judge performs the function of a judge of this court too.
o The court takes up crimes like murder, robbery, dacoits etc.
o It has the powers to issue death sentences and also life imprisonment sentences.
Other criminal courts-
• Chief Magistrate Court: This court can impose seven years punishment.
• First Grade Magistrate Court: This court can impose punishment upto 3 years or fine upto Rs.5000/-, or impose both. Moreover, it can admit appeals against judgments from lower magisterial courts.
• Second Grade Magistrate Court: This court has the power to impose punishment upto 2 years or a fine of Rs.1000/- or both.
• Third Grade Magistrate Court:
5. Write a note on Revenue courts.
Revenue courts take up cases related to land tax,
land records etc. Revenue Courts comprise the following courts:
• Tahasildar Court/ Taluk Magistrate Court : The Tahasildar Court is the lowest court
• District Subdivisional Officer’s Court: This court takes up appeals against the decisions and judgments of Tahsildar courts.
• District Revenue Court or District Magistrate Court: This court takes up appeals against the judgments given by the Tahsildar court or the District Subdivisional Officer’s court. The Deputy Commissioner is its judge.
• Commissioner’s Court: This court takes up appeals against the judgments of the district magistrate courts. The Divisional Officer is its judge.
• Revenue Board: This is the highest court dealing with Revenue cases.
6. What are reasons behind the establishment of
Lok Adalat court?
• In India, the legal procedure is time- consuming and expensive.
• So government want this Lok Adalat function faster and are less expensive.
• This gives importance to compromising of cases.
CHAPTER – 5
Indian Election System
I Fill up the blanks:
1. The Electoral roll is revised year.
2. The Public Election Campaign comes to end before hours to Election Day.
3. The recognition to political parties is accorded by .
4. The Independence of Journalism is protected by .
Ans:- (1) every year (2) 48 (3) The Election
Commission (4) ‘Press Council of India’
II Answer the following questions briefly:
1. Write a note on ‘Electoral Roll’.
• The voters list is the list which contains the names and certain other details of the voters. It
is also called the Electoral Roll.
• The Electoral Roll is prepared by the Election
Commission much before the elections.
• Electoral Roll is revised every year. At the time of revision the names of those who have attained the age of 18 are included and the names of the dead are deleted.
• The Electoral Roll helps the polling officials to identify the voters.
• The Electoral Photo Identity Cards (EPIC) are issued to all the eligible voters by the Election Commission to prevent impersonation.
• EPIC is also used as a proof for general identification.
2. Prove that “Political Parties are the link between elected representatives and people”.
• Political parties are necessary in the democratic set up.
• Political parties are the link between representatives, government and the people.
• They play a major role in formulating policies for social and economic progress.
• Political parties become a training ground to develop leadership qualities.
3. Write a note on Coalition Governments.
• Many a time no party gets the required majority to form the government. Such a situation is called ‘Hung Parliament’. In such a
situation some of the political parties join together and make alliances to get the required
majority to form the government. Such
alliance is called ‘Post-poll alliance’.
• At certain times two or more than two parties join together and make alliance before the elections. This type of alliance is called ‘Pre- poll alliance’.
• Pre-poll or Post-poll alliance helps political parties to join together to form the government when there is a hung parliament or assembly.
• Such a government formed with the co- operation of different political parties is called
‘Coalition Government’.
• The political parties of Coalition Government share power and responsibility by joining Council of Ministers.
CHAPTER – 6
Defence Of The Nation
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The main objective of our defence policy is
protecting .
2. The Commander-in-Chief of our three Armed
Forces is .
3. The Chief of the Army is called
4. The headquarters of the Defence Ministry is in
.
5. The Hindustan Ship-building yard is at
6. The border security force training centre is in
7. The Indian Red Cross Society established in
Ans:- 1) The sovereignty 2) President, 3)
General, 4) Delhi, 5) Vishakhapatnam, 6)
Yelahanka in Bangalore 7) 1920
II. Answer the following questions-
1. What is the Naval Base near Karwar known as?
The Naval Base near Karwar known as Sea bird.
2. Which are the four divisions of our Defence
Ministry?
The four divisions are as follows –
(1) Defence Section
(2) Defence production Section,
(3) Defence Researeh and Development Section
(4) Retired Defence Personal Welfare Section.
3. Explain the structure of the Indian Army.
• The headquarters of the India Army is in
Delhi.
• Its head is known as the Commander-in-Chief.
He has a Deputy Commander-in-Chief. General, Major General, Brigadier,
• Military Secretary and a Military Engineer to assist him in his work.
• The army consists of Infantry, Cavalry, Tank Regiment called the Armed Corps and the Gunners' Regiment.
• There is a Supply and engineering branch too.
• The Army has been divided into seven commands for administrative convenience.
• Each command is under the charge of a general officer (commander- in-chief) of the rank of a Lt. General.
4. Which are the Commands of the Army?
There are seven Commands of the Army.
(i) Western Command at Chandimandir in
Chandigarh
(ii) Eastern Command at Kolkata in West Bengal
(iii) Northern Command at Udhampur in
Kashmir.
(iv) Southern Command at Pune in Maharashtra. (v) Central Command at Lucknow in Uttar
Pradesh
(vi) Training Command at Mhow in Madhya
Pradesh.
(vii) North-Western Command at Jaipur in
Rajasthan.
5. Explain the functions of the Indian Air
Force.
• The Indian Air Force works very effectively and courageously both during war times and
peace times.
• It has succeeded in ensuring safety, security and stability.
• The headquarters of the Air Force is in New
Delhi.
• It is organized into five Operational
Commands and two Functional Commands.
6. What are the qualifications required for recruitment to the Army?
Those who desire to work in the Armed forces
• Should be service-oriented, patriotic, and ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of the country and also be familiar with the multi- cultural fabric of the nation.
• However there are certain conditions with regard to physical requirements, mental health,
general education and technical knowledge that have to be met.
• When recruitments are made to the lower posts of the army, they are made according to the percentage of recruitable male population (RMP) of the State and the Union Territories.
• Recruitment of women to the three armed forces takes place through the women Special Entry Scheme (WSES).
7. What are the aims of N.C.C.? What are its advantages?
The aims of National Cadet Corps are-
1. To develop among the students a sense of discipline,
2. Leadership qualities,
3. Friendliness and service-mindedness.
4. It is a body of disciplined and trained youth force which comes to the rescue of the nation during emergencies.
They given various concessions are as follows:
(i) Those who have received N.C.C. training can join the armed forces easily.
(ii) Cadets who have earned distinction during training are given seats in professional college.
(iii) Cadets are given training in handling weapons.
(iv) During training, cadets go on adventures like hiking, trekking, gliding, scaling or mountaineering, sailing etc.
(v) Students who have received N.C.C. training can secure admission in any defence school.
8. Explain the organization of the Indian Red
Cross Society.
• The Indian Red Cross Society is a humanitarian voluntary organization and has
nearly 700 branches as State and Union
Territories.
• Its headquarters are in Delhi.
• The Indian President is its Chairman.
• A Secretary General is its Administrative
Officer.
• It has an administrative body consisting of 19 members and a Secretary.
• The President nominates 6 members whereas the remaining 12 members are elected from the State and Union Territories.
• The Red Cross society renders valuable service to people during natural calamities and other emergencies.
CHAPTER – 7
National Integration
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. India is a secular country and so does not
oppose any _.
2. Communalism is a major obstacle to
3. Republic Day is a festival.
4. India has considered languages as National languages.
5. Our National Animal is
Ans: (1) religion, (2) national integration, (3)
national, (4) 22, (5) Tiger
II. Answer the following questions-
1. What is ‘Nationalism’?
Nationalism is the strong belief that a people who
share a common language, law, uniform administation, history and culture should constitute an independent nation, free of foreign domination.
2. What do you mean by ‘National
Integration’?
National Integration refers to that situation where
all the people of that country feel they are one although there are differences with regard to race, religion, culture and language.
3. Which are the factors that lead to unity in diversity?
The factors that lead to unity in diversity are
• geographical unity,
• political unity,
• religious unity,
• linguistic unity,
• Cultural unity.
Thus amidst diversity there is unity among
Indians. The feeling of 'We are all one' is deep- rooted in the mind of every Indian.
4. Which are the factors that promote
National Integration?
The factors promoting national integration are
• Secularism,
• Democracy,
• national festivals,
• national symbols and
• Interdependence of the Central Government and State Government on one another.
5. What are obstacle to Nationa Itegration?
(i) When people belonging to different castes and religion form their own associations and indulge in activities which encourage their castes and religion, national integration is threatened.
(ii) The variety of languages in India is leading to linguistic obsession and parochialism.
(iii) The presence of innumerable castes and caste-based associations is leading to communalism.
(iv) Border disputes, river water disputes and language disputes between states are also problematic factors for national integration.
(v) The other actors like terrorism, untouchability, lack of political will, negligence of
people are also obstacles to national integration.
6. What are your suggestions to overcome obstacles that affect National Unity?
Some of the suggestions (problems) hindering the
National integration are as follows:
• People of one religion or caste respect those belonging to others, support them and celebrate all festivals together that national integration can be fostered.
• Better vocational education should be provided
• Iimplement measures to check the members of school dropouts.
• In these ways, we, the responsible citizens of India, should respect one another, and together enjoy a sense of solidarity.
• Only then will there be a true sense of unity in the country.
Sociology
Chapter - 1
Family
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The word family is derived from the Latin
word
2. The cell of the society is .
3. If the father is the head of the family, that family is called as
4. Among the Nayars of Kerala
family is found.
Ans: (1) famulus; (2) family; (3) patriarchal; (4) Matriarchal.
ii. Answer the following.
1. How does the family become a social unit?
Family is a unit of society. It is like a living cell.
The community develops from a family, leading to the creation of a nation.
2. Mention the types of family.
Families are classified based on different
principles.
(A) Based on authority, a family can be classified as Patriarchal and Matriarchal.
(B) Based on marriage, it can be classified as
Monogamy, Bigamy and Polygamy.
(C) Based on size, it can be classified as
Undivided and Divided.
3. What is a joint family?
The family which has people of more than two
generations consisting of parents, their children, grandchildren and great grandchildren is called joint family.
The group of people living under one roof, eating food prepared in one kitchen, having equal rights to the property, engaging in same type of worship and having specific blood relatives is called joint family.
4. What is a nuclear family?
A family having husband, wife and their
unmarried children is called nuclear or modem family.
5. What are the characteristics of a family?
• Family is universal- It is a social system seen in all ages and all countries.
• It is the basic unit for all social activities.
• Continuous responsibility and social accountability.
• Bringing up and Nurturing.
• Teaches social behaviour- Right from childhood, the members of the family not only realize their social responsibilities but also understand the need for cooperation.
• It instructs the tradition- The social traditions, morality and behaviour are all controlled by the family.
6. Discuss the role of family in individual’s
social development stages.
• Every activities of social institutions start from the family.
• The political, economical, educational and several other activities of the society begin from the family.
• A child learns its mother tongue in the family.
• It understands the social life around it through the mastered mother tongue.
• Children develop as per the social situation around the family.
• The family teaches the children about the ways of interacting with elders and the peer group.
• This means, the social behaviour, its demands and taboos, indirectly control the children.
• The family teaches behaviours like friendship, freedom and security during childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age.
7. Explain the characteristics of a joint family. Characteristics of Joint Family:
1) Large in size
2) Co-ordination and co-operation:
3) They reside together under the same roof and use same kitchen.
4) Members of the joint family believe in the same religion and practice.
5) Self-sufficient unit.
6) The senior members of the joint family are entrusted with the authority and responsibility.
8. What are the reasons for the increase of nuclear families in the present days?
Main reasons for the increase of nuclear families
in the present days are-
• Individuality, focus on individual achievement, concept of individual happiness,
• change in value system with regard to rights of property,
• progress in the areas of science and technology,
• rapid urbanization,
• democratic values and concept of equality and
• many other things have contributed to the rise of nuclear families.
Chapter - 2
Socialization
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. The changing process of human being as a
social being is called .
2. Mother is the first of a child.
3. The important agency of socialization is
4. Radio is an agency of
Ans: (1) socialization (2) teacher (3) family (4)
socialization
ii. Anser the following questions:
1. Explain the role of school in the process of socialization.
• In schools the child is not only influenced by the teachers but also by its friends and classmates.
• The social behaviour, knowledge and experience of the child are moulded by the education.
• Subconscious capacity of the children is also developed.
• School will extend his/her life and make them ready for social life.
• Various positive aspects that find expression in teachers like good behaviours, equality and good will get reflected in the children as well.
• This enables children develop love, cooperation, tolerance, co-living, mutual respect and other various values in their life.
2. What are the values learned by a child from the family members?
• The child learns the first lesson of life values such as love, concern, faith, patience, cooperation, coordination etc., at home.
• The appreciation from the family always encourages the activities of the child.
• Children learn obedient nature in family.
3. Explain the importance of socialization process.
1. Converts human being into social being.
2. Provides the scope of adopting, imitating and learning of many skills.
3. Develops the social relationship and provide commitment and support to the social system.
4. Helps the development of personality.
5. Helps the continuity of tradition.
4. Mention what does the socialization indicates.
• Socialization indicates basically human being is a social animal.
• Child starts to learn the social behaviour form its childhood.
• The process of learning social behaviour and the process of becoming social being is called socialization.
• The moment the child gets the power of thinking and talking, it will make contact with the people living in the society.
• It tries to communicate non-verbally and tries to imitate the others.
5. Explain the role of mass media in socialization process.
• Human beings are deeply influenced by advertisements, radio programs, stories,
novels, Television serials, dance drama, music, posters and important statements by popular persons.
• News, quiz, introductory talks, discussion, programs introducing various important places and others help the viewers to develop good personality.
• Similarly programs of academic interest facilitate better social behaviour among people.
6. Explain the role of neighbourhood in socialization process.
• The people of neighbourhood live like the members of the same family by sharing their
happiness and sorrows.
• Neighbourhood people help each other in festival, fair, marriage, religious rituals and other programmes.
• Neighbourhood relationship is much stronger in rural communities than in urban communities.
7. What is socialization?
The process of learning social behaviour and the
process of becoming social being is called socialization.
Chapter - 3
Social Change
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. Change is the Law of
2. School is a for cooperative life.
3. The ‘Theory of Evolution’ was presented by
Ans: (1) nature (2) medium (3) Darwin.
ii. Answer the following questions :
1. What is social change?
Social change can be defined as the
transformation that takes place in the lifestyle of common people.
2. What is cooperation?
Cooperation means giving and taking in society
for fulfil their basic needs.
Working together to achieve a common goal is called cooperation.
3. What are the basic elements of coexistence?
• Secular, socialist and democratic concepts are the important elements of coexistence.
• All should have equal opportunity, independent, social, economical, political and justifiable life.
• Equality with reference to caste, religion, race, gender, region and other aspects.
• It says no one should be discriminated in any name.
4. Mention the characteristics of social changes.
1. Social change is a continuous process.
2. Social change is universal.
3. Social change varies in its form and speed.
4. The chain of social process creates social change.
5. Is the social change necessary?
• Yes. In order to modifications of social process and socio-cultural development social
change is necessary.
• The Mobility found in human society is basically due to social change.
6. Why the competition increases day-by-day?
The Globalised economy is pushing people to
earn more at the cost of health, in the name of competition. This has changed the attitude of human life totally.
Chapter - 4
Community
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. Nomadism is called as a way of .
2. The main pillar of Indian society is
community.
3. The tribes of North East Zone are .
Ans:- (1) life (2) rural (3) Mongolian tribe.
ii. Answer the following questions:
1. What is a Tribe?
A group of clans with kinship is called Tribe.
Tribe is the group which live in a particular geographic area and have their own social, political and cultural administration.
2. What is a village?
The area consisting of the families who mainly
depend on agriculture and agriculture based occupations for their livelihood is called village.
3. Define the concept of a city.
A place that has a population of more than five
thousand and a density of one thousand people per square kilometre and where more than 75% population is engaged in non-agriculture production, then it is called as city.
4. Explain the characteristics of tribal community.
1. Simple and self-content.
2. Worship of nature.
3. Loyal to the community and unity.
4. Equality and independence to women.
5. Endogamous marriages.
6. Unique and different mother tongue.
7. Living in natural environment.
8. Economic system based on hunting and gathering of minor forest produces and sporadic agriculture.
5. Explain the division of tribals in India according to the geographical locality.
The three important geographical zones in India
according to the geographical locality are:
1) North and North-east Zone:
2) Central Zone:
3) South zone.
6. Explain the types of rural community.
Types of village
1. Centralized villages.
2. Independent households and farms villages.
3. Scattered group villages.
4. Village of line houses.
5. Circle shaped villages.
6. Square shaped villages.
7. Converged road villages or market villages.
7. List the features of a rural community.
The features of a rural community as follows:
1. Small in size.
2. Agriculture and agriculture related economy.
3. Community life.
4. Democratic ideals.
5. Lack of civic infrastructure.
GEOGRAPHY
Chapter - 1
OUR State – Karnataka
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. We celebrate Kannada Rajyotsava on
2. The year in which the State was named as
Karnataka is .
3. The State to the East of Karnataka is
4. The largest district in Karnataka is
5. The total area of Karnataka is sq.kms.
6. The shape of Karnataka resembles a
Ans:- (1) 1st November 1956 (2) 1973 (3) Andhra Pradesh (4) Belagavi (5) 1,91,791 (6) Cashewnut
II. Answer the following questions:
1. Give the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of Karnataka.
Karnataka extends from 11°-31' north to 18°-45'
North latitude and 74°-12' east to 78°-40' East longitude.
2. Name karnataka’s neighbouring states.
The sates of Maharashtra In the north, Andhra
Pradesh in the east Tamil Nadu in the south and south-east, Kerala in the south-west, Goa in the north-west. these are the neighbouring states of Karnataka.
3. Which are the four administrative divisions of Karnataka?
Four administrative divisions of Karnataka are :
Bengaluru, Mysuru, Belagavi and Kalaburagi
4. Explain the geographical location of
Karnataka in India.
Karnataka is situated in the Southern part of
India, in the Western Central area of the peninsular region.
Chapter – 2
Physiographic Divisions
Of Karnataka
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. Island is located near Malpe is .
2. Sahyadris is the name given to Ghats in Karnataka.
3. Agumbe Ghat links and
4. The Kashmir of Karnataka is .
Ans- (1) St. Mary (Coconut island) (2) Western
Ghat (3) Shimoga, Udupi (4) Kodagu.
II. Answer the following questions :
1. Mention the important physical divisions of
Karnataka.
1. The Coastal Plain
2. The Malnad region and
3. The Maidan region.
2. Write a note on the relief features of Malnad region.
• The Western Ghats in our state are called
Malnad or the land of hills.
• Malnad runs parallel to the coastline from north to south.
• They have steep slopes like terrace to the west and gentle slope to the east hence they are called Ghats.
• They are 650 kms in length and 50-76 kms in width.
• The height ranges from 900 to 1000 meters from sea level.
3. Give an account on the coastal plains of
Karnataka.
• The Karnataka coastal plain lies between the
Arabian Sea and Malnad.
• The coastline extend-320 kms. Its width varies from 12 to 64 kms.
• It is broad in the south and goes on becoming narrow with steep slopes towards north.
• Its height is more than 200 meters above sea level. It is called the Canara or the Karnataka Coastline'.
• Many fast flowing rivers rush through this coastline formed by sea erosion. They lead to creation of estuaries.
• There are many ports along the coastline.
Among them, the 'New Mangalore is the major one.
• Many beautiful beaches along the sea-coast attract tourists here are some small islands located near the coast. Fishing is the main occupation of the coastal people.
4. Name the main hills of Southern maidan.
• There are many hills in the Southern Maidan.
Some of them are- Chitradurga hills, Narayana durga hills, Savandurga and Shivas anga in Bangalore rural district.
• Madhugiri hill in Tumkur district is the biggest monolithic hill in Asia.
• Nandi hill station, chennakeshwara hill, Kavaledurga and Skandagiri hills in Mandya district, Biligirirangana hill, Malemadeshwara hill, Himarad gopalswamy hills of Chamrajnagar district, Chamundi hill Mysore.
5. Mention the mountain passes in the Western
Ghats.
The mountain passes in Western Ghats are-
(i) Charmudi Ghat which links Mangalore
Chikmaglur.
(ii) Shiradi Ghat -it links Hassan -Sakleshpur and
Mangalore.
(iii) Agumbe Ghat- it links Shimoga and Udupi. (iv) Hulikal Ghat-it links Shimoga and Kundapur.
III. Match the following :
A B
1. Jogfalls a. Mangaluru
2. Om beach b. Northern maidan
3. Nandi hill station c. Sharavati river
4. Monolith hill d. Gokarna
5. Land of sunshine e. Chikballapur
f. Madhugiri Hill
Ans. (1) - c (2) - d (3) - e (4 )- f (5) - (b)
Chapter - 3
Climate, Soil, Natural Vegetation
And Animals Of Karnataka
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words-
1. The months of , ,
form Summer season.
2. The season with heavy rainfall is
3. Extensively soil found in North Karnataka is
4. The area that has evergreen forests is
5. The district that has largest forest area in
Karnataka is _.
Ans. (1) March, April, May; (2) rainy season; (3) Black soil (4) receiving more than 250 cms rainfall; (5) Uttar Kannada
II. Match the following :
A B
1) Adichunchanagiri a) Bird Santuary
2) Mandagadde b) National forest
3) Nagarahole c) Deciduous forest
4) Sandalhood tree d) Peacock Sanctuary e) Red soil
III. Answer the following questions :
1. Name the four seasons of Karnataka.
(1) Summer season - March to May
(2) Rainy season - June to September
(3) Retreating Monsoons - October - November
(4) Winter season - December to February
2. Write a note on the rainy season in
Karnataka.
• The rainy season in Karnataka is also called the season of South- West Monsoon winds.
• The Western Ghats check the moisture laden winds blowing from the Arabian Sea, resulting in heavy rain.
• As we move eastward, amount of rainfall gets reduced. As a result, the eastern maidan is a rain-shadow area.
• Agumbe is an area of heavy rainfall. Hence it is called 'Cheerapunji of South India'.
• There is cloudy atmosphere throughout.
The wild animals in our forests are tigers, lion, cheetah, wild buffalo, elephant, leopards, boars, bisons, stags, deer, bears, porcupines etc.
A variety of snakes and colourful birds can also be seen in the forests of Karnataka.
Chapter - 4
Water Resources Of Karnataka
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. The Cauvery River takes its birth at
of Kodagu district.
2. The famous Jog Falls is produced by the river.
3. The Krishnarajasagar dam is in
district.
4. The first hydro-electric power generating station in Karnataka is
5. The Almatti dam has been constructed across
During this season, Karnataka receives about River.
80% of its rainfall.
3. Mention the types of soils in Karnataka.
The types of soils found in Karnataka are
1) Red soil,
2) Black soil
3) Laterite Soil and
4) Coastal Alluvial Soil.
4. Name the types of natural vegetation of
Karnataka.
The natural vegetation of Karnataka are-
1) Evergreen forests,
2) Deciduous forests,
3) Mixed forests and
4) Temperate Grasslands and shrubs.
5. Why is Karnataka known as ‘the Land of
Sandalwood’?
• Sandalwood is a special tree grown in
Karnataka forests.
• Perfume, objects with intricate carving, soap and medicines are manufactured from sandalwood.
• They are popular all over the world, and hence are not only supplied to all parts of the country but also exported to foreign countries.
This is the reason Karnataka is known as 'the land of sandalwood'.
6. Name the wild animals in our forests.
Ans: (l) Talacauvery; (2) Sharavathi; (3) Mysore; (4) Shivanasamudra; (5) Krishna
II. Answer the following questions :
1. Name the important rivers of Karnataka.
(l) East flowing- The Krishna, the Cauvery, the
Pennar and the Palar.
(2) West flowing rivers- Sharavathi, Kali, Gangavali, Netravathi, Varahi, Aghanashini etc.
2. Write a short note on river Krishna.
• River Krishna is an East flowing river.
• It is the second important river of South India.
• It takes birth at Mahabaleshwar and flows
1392 kms towards the east to join the Bay of
Bengal.
• But it flows only for 480 km through
Karnataka.
• The Bhima, Koyna, Tungabhadra, Ghataprabha and Malaprabha are its tributaries.
• Irrigation and hydro-electric power generation have benefitted to the Northern Karnataka.
3. What are the tributaries of Cauvery river.
Tributaries of Cauvery River are- the Hemavathi,
Harangi, Lokapavani, Arkavathi, Shimsha, Lakshmanatirtha, Kapila, Suvarnavati and Bhavani.
4. Name the different sources of irrigation in
Karnataka.
3. Sorghum vulgare is the scientific name of
crop.
The different sources of Karnataka are
4. The
district is the largest
1. wells,
2. canals and
3. tanks.
5. Mention the main hydro-electric power stations of our state.
The main hydro-electric power stations of our
state are - Shivanasarnudra, Shimsha (Cauvery river), Sharavathi, Linganamakhi, Gerusoppa and Mahatma Gandhi hydro power station (Sharavathi river), Supa, Nagajhari, Kadra and Kodasalh (Kali river), Varahi and mari Kanive (Varahi river), Bhadra, Tungabhadra, Ghataprabha and Alamatti (Knshna fiver) projects.
6. Write a brief note on river water disputes.
• Many rivers in India flow through more than one state. This has given rise to disputes
regarding the use of river water.
• The Cauvery water dispute and the Krishna water disputes in Karnataka are of this kind.
• The catchment area of the river Cauvery is spread in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry.
• The river water dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu is more than a century old, yet it is a burning issue even today.
• The river Krishna too flows through different states, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra pradesh. This has given rise to river water dispute.
IV. Match the following:
A B
1. Linganamakki dam a.Hydro-electric project
2. Gaganachukki, Bharachukki b. River
3. Vani Vilas Sagar c. Kali river
4. Nagajhari d. Cauvery river
5. Pennar e. Sharavathi f. Marikanive
Ans. 1 - (e); 2 - (d); 3 - (f); 4 - (a); 5 - (b).
Chapter – 5
Land Resources Of Karnataka
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. Utilising land for different purposes is called
.
2. The largest net area sown is in
district.
producer of sugarcane in Karnataka.
5. Tobacco contains an intoxicating substance called .
Ans. (1) utilization of land (2) Gulbarga (3) Jowar (4) Mandya (5) Nicotine
II. Answer the following questions :
1. Name the different types of land utilization in Karnataka.
(i) Net sown area, (ii) Forest area, (iii) Land not
available for cultivation, (iv) Other uncultivated land, (v) Fallow land.
2. Write a note on the importance of agriculture in Karnataka.
(i) Agriculture provides employment to people.
(ii) Provides food for the people and raw material to industries.
(iii) It is a source of revenue to the state, and earns foreign exchange.
(iv) Agriculture helps in the development of tertiary occupations like transport, banking, insurance etc.
(v) It plays an important role in the political and social system of the state.
(vi) It is the main source of livelihood for many. (vii) It is the backbone of our state’s economy.
Economic progress depends on agriculture.
3. What is meant by ‘irrigation’? Name the
main crops grown under irrigation.
Crops grown by irrigation sources of canals,
tanks or wells is called "irrigation'.
Paddy and sugarcane are the main crops grown under this fanning.
4. Explain the main characteristics of ‘mixed farming’?
In addition to growing crops, dairy farming,
silkworm rearing, sheep rearing, poultry, bee- keeping, fishery etc. are taken up in the same land. This called mixed farming.
5. Mention the uses of ragi.
• Ragi is a food grain with innumerable nutrients.
• Ragi balls, porridge, sprouted flour, malt, dosa etc. are made from ragi.
• In Karnataka it is the third most important food grain after paddy and jowar.
• It is available at fewer prices.
• The stalks of the ragi plant are used as fodder for cattle.
• Ragi can be preserved for many months.
III. Match the following :
4. Name the places in Karnataka where iron ore is available.
Iron ore is mainly distributed in the districts of
BeIlary, Chikmaglur, Bagalkot, Chitradurga, Tumkur, Shimoga, Dakshina kannada, Uttar Kannada and Gadag. Bellary has rich deposits and
Ans:- I - (b); 2 - (d); 3 - (f); 4 - (c); 5 - (a)
Chapter – 6
Mineral Resources
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words-
1. Kudremukh in Karnataka is noted for
ore.
2. The best-quality iron ore is .
3. Sandur in Ballari district has mines.
4. The metal that is produced from bauxite ore is
.
5. The deepest gold mine is .
Ans- (1) Iron (2) magnetite (3) Iron ore (4)
aluminium (5) Champion Reef
II. Answer the following questions:
1. Why Karnataka is called the ‘Land of
Gold’?
• Karnataka occupies the first position in the production of gold in India.
• It produces 80 of the total gold in India.
Hence Karnataka is known as the Land of Gold. Gold is being produced in Karnataka from ancient times.
2. Which are the important minerals available in Karnataka?
Karnataka has rich and varied mineral resources.
bauxite?
Belgaum is the leading district in the production
of bauxite.
6. Name the important gold mines of
Karnataka.
The important gold mines of Karnataka are Hatti
in Raichur district is the biggest gold mine in India. Lot of gold is being produced here. It is produced in Bellara in Tumkur district and Ajjanahalli near Shira. Other places with gold deposits are Mulgund and Kappatagudda in Gadag district, Kempinakote in Hassan District etc.
III. Match the following:
A B
1. Supa a. Manganese
2. Hatti b. Bauxite
3. Kumsi c. Limestone
4. Khanapur d. Irone ore
e. Gold mine
Ans. 1-(a); 2 (e); 3 (d); 4 - (b).
Chapter – 7
Transport
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words-
1. Villages and towns are linked by
transport.
2. There are national highways passing through Karnataka.
3. The city railway system of Bengaluru is called
Among them, iron ore, gold, manganese, lime
stone, copper, bauxite, chromite’s, mica, asbestos and granite are important.
3. Which is the ore used as an alloy?
Manganese is used as an alloy in the manufacture
of steel to increase its Hardness.
4. The port that is called the ‘Gateway of
Karnataka’ is
5. The Coastal Railway of Karnataka is called
Ans. (1) Road; (2) 14; (3) Namma Metro Rail; (4) Mangalore; (5) Konkan.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. Explain the importance of road transport.
• A large number of people of rural areas in
Karnataka use this road transport.
• This links the villages and towns.
• Roads can be constructed easily, at low cost.
• People and goods can be transported to every corner of the state.
• Development of roads determines the progress
of the state’s agriculture, industry, mining and
Chapter – 8
Industries Of Karnataka
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. The first Iron and Steel Industry of Karnataka
was established at .
2. The Manchester of Karnataka is
3. The by-products of sugar are .
commerce.
4. Ammasandra has
5. Silicon Valley is the name of
industry.
city.
2. Name the different types of roads in
Karnataka.
Different types of roads are-
1. National highways,
2. State highways,
3. District roads and
4. Village roads.
3. List the important rail routes of Karnataka.
• In Karnataka state, there is no uniform distribution of railway lines in all the districts.
• Bangalore, Bellary, Belgaum, Hassan, Uttar Kannada, Chitradurga, Udupi, Ramnagar and Dakshina Kannada districts have an average of
150 to 200 km long railway.
• Konkan railway route of west coast links
Mangalore to Mumbai.
Konkan Railways: This is the most important railway route of West Coast. It links Mangaluru and Mumbai.
4. What are the advantages of air transport?
• Air transport is the fastest mode of transport.
• It helps to carry people, mail and lightweight goods to distant places in the shortest time.
• Air transport is of great help during natural calamities, wars and other emergencies.
5. Name the ports of Karnataka.
Mangaluru port, Old Mangaluru Port, Malpe,
Hangarakatte, Kundapura, Padubidri, Bhatkal, Honnavara, Tadri, Belekeri and Karwar.
III. Match the following:
A B
1. Golden Quadrilateral a. Port
2. Broad gauge b. Bengaluru
3. H.A.L. c. NH-4
4. Belekeri d. Airport
5. Namma Metro e. Railways
f. Waterways
Ans:- 1-(C), 2 - (e); 3 - (d); 4 - (a); 5 - (b).
Ans- (1) Bhadravathi (2) Davanagere (3) Bagasse and molasses (4) Cement (5) Bangalore
II. Answer the following:
1. Write a note on the industrial development in Karnataka.
• After 1902 Rice mills, tile factories, beedis and cigarettes, iron and brass foundries were
established.
• After 1923, many modern manufacturing units like iron and steel, soap factories, cotton and silk mills, paper, cement, paint, sugar, sandal oil industries etc were started.
• After independence, the industrial policy of the Central Government enabled further industrial development in the state.
• As a result, many more factories were established, for instance; manufacture of aeroplanes, engineering, machine tools, (HMT, BEL, BHEL), watches, iron and steel, aluminium, information technology, electronic bio-technology industry etc.
2. Explain the iron and steel industry of
Karnataka.
• Sir M. Visveswaraiah’s foresight enabled an
Iron and Steel industry to be set up at
Bhadravathi in Shivamogga district in 1923.
• So that the rich and abundant iron ore deposits in the Bababudangiri hills could be utilized.
• This factory was named as Mysuru Iron and
Steel Industries Limited (MSIL).
• Later on, it was handed over to Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) in 1989.
• Today it is known as Visveswaraiah Iron and
Steel Industry (VISL).
3. Give an account of the distribution of cotton textile industry in Karnataka.
• The first Cotton factory, M.S.K. Mill, was established in 1884 at Gulbarga.
• Later another was started in Hubli.
• After independence, cotton mills were set up in the northern maidan region where cotton was grown widely.
• Davanagere is called the Manchester of
Karnataka.
• There are ginning and spinning mills in Hubli, Ilkel, Guledgudda, Rabakavi, Bagalkot, Molakalmuru, Gadag Betagiri, Badami, Belgaum, Naragund, Gokak, Bellary, Hunsur, Nanjangud, Periyapattana and Chamraj nagar.
4. What are the factors essential to start a sugar industry?
The factors essential to start a sugar industry are -
sugarcane production, ideal climate, power supply, local market, labour, transport system etc.
5. Mention the reasons for centralization of information technology industry in Bangalore?
Ans. Bangalore has good climate, electricity
supply, technical experts, financial assistance, vast market and infrastructure. That is why it has emerged as a center for information technology industry.
III. Match the following:
A B
I. Dandeli a. Cement
2. Torangal b. Cotton Textiles
3. Molakalmuru c. Paper
4. Shahabad d. Computers
5. Infosys e. Iron and steel
Ans. 1 - (c), 2 - (e), 3 -(b), 4 - (a), 5 - (d).
Chapter – 9
Major Tourist Centers Of Karnataka
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. Nandi Hill Station is in district.
2. Niagara of Karnataka is waterfalls.
3. Ibrahim Roza, a pilgrimage is located in
city.
4. The beach near Gokarna is
5. The City of Palaces is
Ans- (1) Chikkaballapur; (2) Gokak; (3) Bijapur;(4) Om;(5) Mysore
II. Answer the following questions:
1. What are the advantages of tourism?
• People go to different places from their places to satisfy their curiosity, for religious celebrations, for peace of mind, relaxation, to see picturesque places, seeking happiness and for improvement of health.
• In the modem world, tourism has become an inevitable affair of the human life.
• We can gain knowledge about the place, culture, civilization, life etc.
2. Name the basic facilities needed in a tourist spot.
The basic facilities required in a tourist spot are
tourist homes, lodges with all the facilities and restaurants.
3. Write a note on the Kudremukh hill station.
• Kudremukh hill station at Chikmaglur district.
• It is a major hill station in karnataka.
• It has dense green forest, many hillocks, coffee estates and waterfalls.
4. Name the wildlife sanctuaries of Karnataka. There are about eighteen wild life sanctuaries. Muthodi, Bandipur, Nagarhole, Dandeli, Bhadra
animal sanctuaries and Ranganathittu, Kokkare Bellur, Mandagadde, Gudavi bird sanctuary are the main wildlife sanctuaries of Karnataka.
5. Name the places of historical importance in
Karnataka.
Hampi, Belur, Halebid, Somnathpur, Badami,
Pattadakal, Aihole, Gol Gumbuz of Vijayapura, Lakkundi, Banavasi, Basaralu, Belligave, Mysuru, Srirangapatna etc.
6. Listout some National parks of Karnataka.
There are five national Parks in Karnataka. They
are - Rajiv Gandhi National Park in Nagarahole, Bandipur, Bannerghatta, Kudremukh and Ansi National Park.
III. Match the following:
A B
1. Biligirirangana hills a.Uttara Kannada district
2. Jogi Betta b. Chamarajnagar
3. Yana c. Bird sanctuary
4. Anshi d. Chitradurga
5. Ranganthittu e. National Park
f. Peacock sanctuary
Ans. 1 - (b); 2 - (d); 3 - (a); 4 - (e); 5 - (c).
Chapter – 10
Population Of Karnataka
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words-
1. The total population of Karnataka according to
the 2011 census is
2. The most populous district of Karnataka in
3. The district which has more females is
4. The district which has the least population is
5. The average density of population per sq.km in
Karnataka is _
Ans. (1) 6,11,30,704; (2) Bangalore Urban; (3) Udupi;(4) Kodagu; (5) 319.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. Write a note on the growth of population in
Karnataka.
• According to the 2001 census, the total population of Karnataka was 5,28,50,562.
• In the decade from 2001 to 2011, 80,80,142 persons have been added to the population.
• The growth rate during this period was 15.67
%. This growth rate is lower than the growth rate of population in India (17.64%).
• The reason for this is awareness about family planning programmes, literacy programmes,
4. Write a note on literacy in Karnataka.
• The average literacy rate if Karnataka in 2011 was 75.6%.
• This rate is higher than the average literacy rate of 74% in India.
• When district wise literacy rate is considered, Dakshina Kannada district with 88.6%, occupies the first position.
• Bengaluru Urban district occupies the second position (88.5%).
• Udupi districts occupy the third position.
• In contrast, Yadgir with 52.4% has lowest literacy rate.
• Male literacy rate is 82.9% whereas female literacy rate is 68.2% in Karnataka.
• When the literacy rates in urban and rural areas are compared, naturally the literacy rate in urban areas is higher.
ECONOMICS Chapter 1
Natural Resources
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words-
1. Natural resources are of nature.
2. The resources that reproduce within a specified time span are
birth control etc.
3. Iron ore is
resource.
4. Scarcity arises when the need for resources is
2. Name the districts with the highest and the than the availability of it.
lowest density of population.
Bangalore Urban district has the highest density of population at 4378 persons per sq. km. and
occupies the first position. Kodagu district has the lowest density with 135 persons per sq.km.
3. Explain the Characteristics of urban and rural population in Karnataka.
• Karnataka is pre-dominant by villages and has
29,406 villages.
• As per the 2011 census, they have totally 3.75 crore population.
• It means, the rural population forms 61.4 and
38.6 (2.35 crore) live in urban areas.
• Compared to the average urban population of India, the urban population of Karnataka is greater.
• It is not distributed equally in all the districts.
Bangalore Urban district has the largest urban population whereas Kodagu district has the smallest urban population.
5. Development emphasizing the availability of resources to meet the needs of future generations is also called as
6. In 2010, the mankind used_ Earths to meet their requirements.
Ans: (1) gifts (2) renewable resources (3) Non- renewable resources (4) higher (5) conservation (6) 50% of natural resources.
II. Answer the following in one sentence each:
1. What are natural resources?
Resource is all the materials that humans use in
conducting their economic activities of production, exchange and consumption.
2. Give two examples of renewable resources.
Water, land, forests, air, sunlight and heat are
some examples for renewable resources.
3. Give two examples of abiotic resources.
Water, soil, minerals, etc. are abiotic resources.
4. What is conservation?
Conservation of natural resources means not to
waste them but use them judiciously so that there is a balance between nature and our use of natural resources.
5. Define ecological footprint.
Ecological footprint is an estimate of the amount
of space on the earth that an individual uses in order to survive, using existing technology.
6. What is recycling?
Recycling is the process of turning waste and
used items into new, useful materials of products.
III. Answer in 5-6 sentences each:
1. Differentiate between renewable and non- renewable resources.
Renewable resources:
• These resources get replenished as we use them.
• Nature, through its natural processes, goes on replenishing them.
• They are also called non-exhaustible resources.
• Water, land, forests, air, sunlight and heat are some examples.
Non-renewable resources:
• These resources get depleted as we go on using them.
• Eventually they are emptied and cannot be created again.
• These resources are known as exhaustible resources.
• Minerals like Iron ore, copper, gold, manganese, bauxite etc.,
• Nature cannot replenish them through its processes.
2. Explain the causes for increasing scarcity of resources.
1. Overpopulation:
2. Growing industrialization:
3. Expanding urban areas:
4. Atmospheric pollution:
5. Water pollution and land degradation:
6. Humans increasing wants are the main causes for increasing scarcity of resources.
3. What are 4Rs? Explain in brief.
4Rs means it is the strategy for Conservation of resources: Reduce, Reuse, Recharge or Regenerate and Research.
1) Reduce: Reduce refers to minimizing the use of resources and their wastage or trying to use less amount of any resource.
2) Reuse: Every resource must be used multiple times.
3) Recharge and regenerate: This refers to taking steps to allow the resource to grow through conscious human efforts.
4) Research: Researching ways to find renewable alternatives to non-renewable resources.
4. What steps would you take to conserve energy use in your school and at home?
• As a student I put off all lights when not in use in our school.
• Turn the air conditioner and heater off at night.
• Whenever there is a chance I will get outside for fun because it take less energy.
• I Keep doors and windows shut when heating or cooling the classroom.
5. What measures will you to take to reduce the ecological footprint?
Food:- I would like to buy organic food, or locally-
grown produce.
• I will keep my own bags to the store (canvas or reuse plastic/paper).
• I will buy and eat fewer processed foods.
• Instead of drinking a juice box, eat a piece of fruit.
• I eat less meat and dairy products.
• I eat at home instead of ordering out Energy/Electricity- I put off all lights when not in use.
• Keep doors and windows shut when heating or cooling the house/car.
Transportation- Walk or ride your bicycle to school.
• Take public transportation.
• Creating less waste-
Water- I turn off the tap while brushing my teeth and cleaning utensils.
• I don’t pour toxics down storm drains.
• I put a brick in your toilet tank.
• I prefer Indian type (squatting) toilets more.
Chapter - 2
Human Resources Of India
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. The working people who have knowledge,
talent and skill are called the of that country.
2. In 2011, the sex ratio was
3. Census takes place once in
years in India.
4. The quality of population in a country depends on and
5. The average number of children who die below one year of age for every 1000 live births is called
6. In India, since the birth rate is high and the death rate is the population growth rate is high.
Ans:- (1) Human resource (2) 943 (3) ten (4) Literacy, skill attainments and life expectancy (5) child/ infant mortality rate
II. Answer the following in one sentence each:
1. Who are the people identified as ‘Working
People’?
The adult population who are educated and
healthy and possess the capability to increase the national income are called Working People.
2. What is meant by ‘Human Resources’?
Educated and healthy, working people who work
to increase the nation’s income are called human
resources.
3. What was India’s population according to
2011 census?
India’s population according to 2011 census was
121.1 crores.
4. What do you mean by ‘birth rate’?
Birth rate refers to the total number of live births
per thousand of a population in a year.
5. In 2011, India’s birth rate was 22 and death
rate was 6. What is the population growth rate?
Population growth rate formula is –
So 2011 population growth rate is
=
6. What was the population density of India according to the 2011 census?
According to the 2011 census, the population density of India is 382.
III. Answer the following.
1. What is Population Density? How is the population density of a country calculated?
Density of population is the number of people
living per square kilo meter of geographical area. Population density of a country is calculated by
dividing the total population of a country by the total land area.
2. Human Resources are considered very vital among the factors of production. Why?
• Human resource occupies greater importance in the production of goods and services than natural resources and material resources.
• Human resource provides the skills and workforce needed for production.
• The people who work in various jobs in the fields of agriculture, industry and service sectors are referred as the workforce.
• Without human resource no resources can be called resources.
3. What is the role of health and education in developing human resources?
• Health:- Good health improves not only the quality of life of people but also the quality of
their work.
• Therefore, if rapid economic development has to be achieved, the health of the people should be improved.
• Education:- If good education, training are provided to human resources, they can be transformed into human capital.
• Education can transfer knowledge and skills from one generation to the next.
• Through the education anyone can gain knowledge of doctor, engineer and scientists.
4. Why the population growth is high in the developing countries?
• In the developing countries, the government provides better education and health facilities
and epidemics are brought under control. Due to this, the death rate will decline steeply.
• On the other hand, the birth rate continues to remain high or decline very slowly.
• Because of a very high birth rate and steeply falling death rates, the population growth tends to be higher.
5. What measures are taken by the government to improve the quality of population?
• Good health improves not only the quality of life of people but also the quality of their
work.
• The governments are providing all facilities to improve the health and nutrition of a woman right from the day she becomes pregnant up to the day she delivers the baby.
• The National Health Policy of India aims to improve health care, family welfare and nutritional services of the people.
• The government has tried to provide comprehensive health facilities and thus improve the quality of people.
Chapter - 3
Poverty And Hunger
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. The percentage poor according to NSSO in
2004-05 was _
2. The Indian government has established
to buy and store food grains.
3. The Health Insurance that is provided to poor people is called
4. The project programme for providing old age pension is
5. The price at which government purchase
before sowing is called
Ans:- (1) 27.7% (2) Food corporation of India (3) yashashwini scheme (4) Sandhya Suraksha yojana (5) Minimum support price.
II. Answer the following in a sentence each:
1. Give the meaning of ‘poverty’.
The condition in which people are deprived of
their fundamental needs like food, clothing, shelter, education and health is called poverty.
2. What are the basic requirements of human beings?
Food, clothing, shelter, education and health are
the basic requirements of human beings.
3. What is ‘poverty line’?
Poverty line represents the estimated minimum
level of income needed to secure the basic necessities of life.
4. What is the indicator framed to measure amount of hunger?
‘Global Hunger Index (GHI)’ is the indicator
framed to measure amount of hunger.
5. What is ‘food security’?
Food Security refers to the system which ensures
the provision of food at all times to everyone in the country.
6. What is Buffer Stock?
System of purchasing food grains and making
them available for public distribution is called buffer stock.
III. Answer the following questions-
1. How is poverty identified in India?
• Dadabhai Naoroji used the concept of ‘poverty line’ to identify the poor.
• After independence also, the poverty line is being used as the yardstick to measure poverty.
• In 2005, Suresh Tendulkar Committee adopted the monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) on education, health, electricity and transport, along with food, to determine the poverty line.
• C. Rangarajan Committee following the Tendulkar Committee recommendations fixed the poverty line expenditure at Rs. 32 in rural areas and Rs. 47 in urban areas.
2. What are the indicators of poverty?
• Poverty line,
• Suresh Tendulkar Committee adopted the monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE),
• World Bank identifies a person who is unable to spend $1.25 for daily consumption as being below the poverty line.
3. What are the reasons for persistence of hunger in India?
• Lack of purchasing power among the poor.
• The shortcomings in the distribution of food grains to the people.
• Rapid increase in population
• Low level and growth of national income
• Rise in price level
• Unemployment
• Capital deficiency.
4. Explain the working of the public distribution system in India.
• The food grains procured by the FCI are distributed to the poor people at lesser than market prices through the fair price shops. This is called as the public distribution system.
• Food grains, sugar, kerosene, cooking oil and other essential items are distributed through these fair price shops.
• The government has taken steps to open fair price shops in all villages, towns and cities.
• Govt. issued different types of cards depending
• Handicapped people and helpless people incapable of doing any work get disability pension every month.
• Poor widows get widow pension every month.
Chapter - 4
Labour And Employment
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
upon the economic status.
1. Labour is a
input in production.
• These cards entitle specific quantities of various items to the people.
• BPL (Below poverty line) ration cards, Antyodaya Anna Yojana scheme is being implemented under which very poor families are distributed food grains at very low prices.
5. List out the measures taken by the
2. Working age group refers to years.
3. The share of female workers in total workforce of India is about
4. As economic development takes place, share of workers in sector declines.
5. MGNREGA was passed in the year
Ans: (1) human (2) between 16 and 60 (3)
th
government to eradicate poverty.
1) Economic development measures
3.35% (4) primary (5) 25
II. Answer the following:
august 2005.
2) Implementation of poverty eradication
programs:
a. Self-employment programmes:
i. The ‘Integrated Rural Development
Programme’ (IRDP)
ii. The ‘Swarnajayanti Grama Swarozgar
Yojana’ (SGSY)
iii. The ‘Swarnajayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana
(SSRY)
iv. The National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) also called as Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana.
b. Wage Employment programmes:
‘Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Scheme’.
3) Provision of minimum basic amenities:
• The ‘Minimum Needs Programme (MNP)’
• Health insurance is being provided to poor
people under ‘Yashaswini’ scheme.
• Houses are constructed for the poor under
‘Indira Awas Yojana’, and ‘Valmiki-
Ambedkar Awas Yojana’;
• ‘Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana’ (PMGY)
4) Social Security Measures.
6. Explain social security measures for poor people.
• Deserted old people get old age allowance
every month under ‘Sandhya Suraksha
Yojana’.
1. What is the meaning of labour?
The capacity to exercise physical or mental effort
for the purpose of producing goods or services by human beings is called labour.
2. What is unorganized sector?
The small and scattered units which are largely
outside the control of the government and hardly follows any rules and regulations are called unorganized sector.
3. Define unemployment.
Unemployment is a situation where a person is
able to engage in work at the prevailing wage rate in the market but is unable to find work.
4. How is unemployment rate measured?
Unemployment rate is calculated as a percentage
of labour force not getting work.
5. Explain the main causes of unemployment in India.
The major causes of unemployment in India are:
• The use of modern technology resulted in low level of employment creation. The low level of growth in primary sector curtailed the job opportunities at rural level.
• Increase in labour force/ Population growth-
• Inappropriate technology:
• Dependence on agriculture
• Decline of small scale and cottage industries.
• Low mobility of labour:
6. What are the types of unemployment?
Different kinds of unemployment are-
• Semi unemployment,
• hidden unemployment,
• technical unemployment,
• intermittent unemployment,
• optional unemployment,
• unemployment of the educated and uneducated unemployment etc.
7. Write the objectives and functioning of
MGNREGS.
Objectives of MGNREGS- it provides a legal
guarantee for one hundred days of employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural household willing to do public work related unskilled manual work at the statutory minimum wage.
Functioning of MGNREGS- Government fails to do so, then the person is given unemployment allowance.
NREGA covers the entire country with the exception of districts that have a hundred percent urban population.
It boosted access to a bank account by women as the wages are transferred electronically to the beneficiary’s account.
BUSINESS STUDIES
Chapter - 1
Management Of Business
I. Answer in a sentence.
1. What is management?
Generally management is the principles of
managing the activities of an enterprise.
2. What do you mean by decision making?
Decision making is the mental process, resulting
in the selection of a course of action among several activities.
3. What is individual decision and what is collective decision?
The individual decision taken by sole trading
concerns is individual decision. Whereas Decision making by a group of people as in the case of Partnership firms and Board of Directors as in the
case of Joint Stock Companies or Co-operative
Societies are called Group decisions.
4. What is the principle of authority and responsibility in principles of management?
This principle refers to the authority and
responsibility, which are the combination of official authority and personal responsibility. Both are compounded with intelligence, experience, past experience, moral worth etc.,
II. Answer the following questions-
1. What are the principles of management suggested by Henry Fayol?
Henry Fayol suggested principles are-
1) Division of Work:
2) Authority and responsibility
3) Discipline
4) Unity of command
5) Unity of Direction
6) Sub-ordination of Individual interest to
General interest
7) Remuneration of personnel
8) Centralisation
9) Scalar chain:
10) Equity.
11) Stability of security to personnel
12) Initiative
13) Espirit De-Corps
2. What are the functional areas of management?
The Managerial functions may be classified into
different areas.
(1) Planning (2) Organising (3) Staffing (4) Directing (5) Co-ordinating (6) Controlling.
3. Write about the authority and responsibility, scalar chain and centralization in principles of management.
Authority and responsibility: This principle
refers to the authority and responsibility, which are the combination of official authority and personal responsibility. Both are compounded with intelligence, experience, past experience, moral worth etc.,
Scalar chain:
This principle means that every enterprise should
subordinates at various levels should be clearly defined.
4. What is the need for decision making in management of business?
• To achieve their objectives and goals the business organisation has to take decision.
• There are number of choices available even in a small matter. He has to choose one among the several alternatives and that alternative should be best suited and economical.
• It is based on the decision which the businessman has taken.
• Thus the decision making plays a very significant role in the business.
5. What are the important elements of decision making?
Important elements of Decision making :
• Establishing goals
• Defining tasks
• Searching for alternatives
• Developing plans
• Rational thinking and reasoning
• Situation
• Evaluation
6. What factors are to be kept in mind, while taking a decision?
The following factors are to be kept in mind
while taking decisions.
• Analysing the problem.
• Planning of course of action.
• Maintaining courage and patience.
• Foresightedness.
• Ability to take quick and wise decision.
7. What do you mean by planning and organisation in functional areas of management?
Planning: It involves the future course of
operation for a given period. The process of planning includes determination of organizational objective and formulation of plans, policies, strategies, programmes, procedures and schedules. Organising: It is the process of bringing together the man power and material resources. Some of the material resources are machines and materials. Putting the material resources and man power together into working order to achieve the objectives is the main purpose of the organizing area of managerial function. It also involves delegation of sufficient authority to the managers and establishment of linking together the various positions to the purpose of enabling the people to
work in a co-ordinated manner.
8. How is controlling an important area of managerial function?
It is an important area of the managerial function.
It covers almost all the management activities. It keeps check on other functions of management. It is a function that every manager in the organization has to perform.
9. What are the main objectives of controlling areas?
The main objectives of controlling area are :
a) to create an atmosphere of order and discipline in the organization to ensure proper co-ordination of activities.
b) to ensure confirmation of actual performance with the pre-determined plans.
c) to achieve the increase of the overall efficiency of the organization.
10. “Directing and co-ordinations are very important functions in business management” how?
Directing is the area of functional management
where instructing, guiding, supervising and leading the people of an organization towards accomplishment of the organizational goals. It is issuing orders or instructions to the sub-ordinates and make certain that the instructions are properly carried out and the operations are successfully planned.
Co-ordination is the harmonious blending of the activities of the different departments for the achievement of the desired goals. It is the arrangement of group efforts to provide unity of actions in the pursuit of common purpose.
Chapter - 2
Financial Management
I. Fill in the blanks
1. Business enterprises require two types of finance,
they are and .
2. ‘The suppliers of goods raise credit from the buyers,’ it is called
3. The business concerns raise credit to carry out day to day affairs and is called .
4. For immediate needs the business institutions get credit from
5. The capital of joint-stock companies is divided
into small units. They are called .
6. The bank that supplies credit to import and export trade is called
7. The IFCI was started in the year .
8. The first share market of India was started at
.
Ans:- (1) Short term, long term (2) trade credit (3) loan/ bank credit (4) indigenous bankers/ money lenders (5) shares (6) EXIM Bank (7) 1948 (8) London.
II. Answer the following questions in two to three sentences each.
1. What is the meaning of financial management?
Acquisition of funds and their effective utilization,
keeping in mind the overall objectives of the concern is financial management.
2. Which are the two types of finance required by the business concerns? Give examples.
Short term finance: Finance that is required for
day-to-day working is called Short term finance. Example- to purchase raw materials, to pay wages and salaries, to meet the marketing and administrative expenses.
Long term finance: finance required for the
development programmes such as expansion of the level of production, modernization of production methods. Ex: To procure fixed assets, establishing new undertaking etc.
3. Mention any four sources of short term credit required by business concerns?
a) Trade credit: It is the credit obtained by the
suppliers of goods.
b) Bank credit or Bank loan: Generally the business houses borrow money from banks for a period of
three months to one year.
c) Advance from customers: receive money in advance of supplying the goods.
d) Short term public deposit or installment credit.
4. Why business concerns require short term finance?
(i) Short term finance is required to meet the
working capital needs. i.e. to purchase raw materials, to pay wages and salaries, to meet the marketing and
administrative expenses.
(ii) There is always a time gap between sales and receipt of sale proceeds. To fill the financial gap between these two processes namely sales and receipt
of sale proceeds sufficient funds are required.
5. What do you mean by long term finance?
The finance required for the development
programmes such as expansion of the level of production, modernization of production methods
and fixed capital of an undertaking is called long term finance.
6. Give the names of any three organizations in
the field of ‘Mutual funds’
Unit Trust of India (U.T.I.), S.B.I. Magnum equity
fund, LIC growth fund, UTI Market plan, Prudential ICICI balance fund, HDFC income fund, Bajaj allianze etc.,
At international level, Global deposit receipts (G.D.R.), American Deposit Receipt (AMD) are important Mutual fund companies.
III. Answer the following questions, each in about eight to ten sentences.
1. What is the role and importance of finance to business concerns?
1. Without finance no business activity is possible.
2. Finance helps to obtain resources that are required in the process of production and
marketing of goods and services.
3. Finance helps business enterprise for the smooth running.
4. Finance guides and regulates the investment
decisions and expenditure.
5. Finance helps for modernization, diversification, expansion and development of an enterprise.
6. Finance is essential to undertake research, market survey, advertisement and publicity for effective
marketing of the products.
7. Finance is required to develop industries in backward areas.
8. Financial stability will enhance the credit worthiness of the concern.
2. Explain briefly the purposes for which long term finance is required by business concerns?
• Long term finance refers to finance required for the development programmes such as expansion of the level of production, modernization of
production methods etc.,
• This type of finance is also required for financing the fixed capital of an undertaking. Ex: To procure fixed assets, establishing new undertaking etc.
3. “Issue of shares and debentures play a very important role in long term credit.” What are they? How do they help?
Issue of Shares: To start a joint stock company, the
promoters issue shares. Also whenever they need additional capital for long term purpose, the companies raise the funds through issue of shares to the public.
Debentures: The joint-stock companies are empowered to borrow finance for meeting long term
financial requirements through the issue of Debentures. Debentures are the debts or loans borrowed by the companies.
1. Fill in the blanks
1. The book in which the daily business transactions
are recorded is called
2. The transaction “Paid salaries” comes under
4. What is the part played by Industrial Finance kind of accounts.
Corporation (IFC) and State Finance
3. The Modern and scientific method of maintaining
Corporations (SFS) in financing business?
1) Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI):
accounts is called
keeping.
system of Book
The Corporation grants loans to public limited companies and to co-operative societies. State owned
public limited companies can also borrow funds from
the corporation.
2) State Finance Corporations (SFC’s):
4. The difference between the debit and credit side of an account is called
5. The two accounts of “commenced business with
cash are” and
6. The profit earned by Trade is transferred to
The main objective of State Finance Corporations is account.
to provide long term finance to small and medium scale industries in their respective states.
5. What are long term public deposits and what are their advantages to public?
A company can accept public deposits to meet long
term financial needs. This is long term public
deposits. Advantages:-
• The procedure to get these deposits is simple and does not involve many formalities.
• A company can accept these deposits for a period not exceeding 5 year (60 months).
• The deposits are unsecured and 8% to 10% of interest is allowed.
6. What do you mean by Money market and how is it different from capital market?
Money market is a system where the funds can be
borrowed under money market for a short period for working capital.
7. Explain in brief the part played by stock exchange in financial matters of business.
• The Stock exchanges regulate and control business in buying, selling and dealing in
securities.
• They are regulated by the government.
• They do not engage only in the purchase and sale of securities but provide a place where members can carryout their business on their own account under codes, rules and regulations.
• The National Stock Exchange (NSE) was set up for the purpose of providing a nation wide stock
trading facility to investors, so as to bring the Indian financial market in line with international financial markets.
Chapter - 3
Accounting In Business
7. “The permanent assets lose a portion of their value every year” it is called
8. The difference between Assets and Liabilities of a Trade is called
Ans:- (1) Rough book (2) nominal (3) double entry (4) balance of account (5) cash account, capital account (6) profit and loss (7) depreciation (8) capital.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. Which is the book of original entry in Accounting? Why is it called the book of original entry?
Journal is called the book of original entry in
accounting.
Full particulars of the transactions are recorded first in the Journal. So it is called the book of original entry.
2. What are the types of Accounts? Give examples.
Accounts are classified into three types.
Personal accounts: The ledger accounts which are maintained to record the transactions carried out with persons or firms are called Personal Accounts. Ex-
Suresh’s a/c, xco’s a/c. etc., Bank a/c.
Real accounts: The ledger accounts that are maintained by the business concerns to record the assets which the firm possesses. ex : Building’s a/c, Cash a/c, Furniture a/c, Machinery a/c. etc.,
Nominal accounts: The business concerns have to maintain separate accounts for the profits or incomes it earns and for losses or expenses it incurs. These accounts are called Nominal Accounts. Ex : Rent a/c, Salaries a/c, interest a/c, commission a/c, Rates &
Taxes a/c, Insurance Premium paid etc.,
3. What is the need for accounting in business?
• Accounting records of a business concern are the permanent records of transactions relating to its income and expenditure.
• Accounting records provide full information about business transactions. • The permanent assets lose their value every year. It is called Depreciation.
• Accounting helps a business concern to compare • It is deducted from the asset and shown as a loss.
• results of the business from year to year.
Accounting helps to ascertain the financial • The total debit and credit balances of personal
accounts except capital account and Bank
position of a business concern. account are shown together.
• Accounting helps a business concern to know • The total debit balances of personal accounts
the amount due to others and amount due from represents as ‘Sundry Debtors’ and total credit
others. balances represents as ‘Sundry Creditors’.
• Accounts are the documentary evidence required • In the trial balance bank balance is shown as
to prove the status of business concern to cash at Bank and capital account is shown as
government or to other agencies as and when Capital. The difference between assets &
required. Accounts are required even in case of liabilities is called capital.
legal matters.
• Accounting records and reports help the
management of a concern in its future planning and decision making process.
4. What is Double-entry system of book keeping? Every business transaction involves two aspects. One aspect gives the benefit and another aspect receives the benefit. Both these aspects are to be recorded in books. For every aspect there is an account in ledger. Every ledger account has two sides, one account receives the benefit and another account gives the benefit. While entering the aspects we enter two aspects on opposite sides. This system
is called Double entry system.
5. Which are the final accounts? What is the result of Profit and loss account?
Trial Balance is prepared to ascertain the
arithmetical accuracy of ledger accounts. After ascertaining the arithmetical accuracy of Ledger,
Final accounts are prepared.
The result is Gross profit or Gross loss. Profit and Loss account contains Gross profit or Gross loss, brought down from trading account and also all the
expenses or losses and all gains or profits which are of non-trading items.
6. “There is no need to find out the balance of goods sold account and goods purchases a/c? Why?
• Goods account appears as goods purchases account and goods sales account.
• So also goods returns account as purchases returns accounts and sales returns account.
• These accounts are not balanced but taken as purchases account sales account, purchases
returns account, sales returns account and shown
in trial balance.
7. What is the result of depreciation of fixed assets?
8. What is the difference between Money market
and Capital market?
No comments:
Post a Comment